“Lauri Törni”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Lauri Allan Törni (28 May 1919 – 18 October 1965), later known as Larry Alan Thorne, was a Finnish–American soldier who fought under three flags: as a Finnish Army Second Lieutenant of the Fourth Independent Jäger Infantry Battalion against the Soviets in the Winter War and the Soviet-Finnish sub-theater of World War II known as the Continuation War; as a German Army Captain (under the alias Larry Lane) of the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS when he fought the Soviets on the Eastern Front in World War II; and as a United States Army Captain (under the alias "Larry Thorne") when he served in the U.S. Army Special Forces in the Vietnam War. Törni died in a helicopter crash during the Vietnam War and he was promoted to rank of Major posthumously. His remains were located three decades later and then buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Early life and education

Christened Lauri Allan Törni, he was born in Viipuri, Viipuri Province, Finland, to ship captain Jalmari (Ilmari) Törni, and his wife, Rosa (née Kosonen). He had two sisters: Salme Kyllikki (b. 1920) and Kaija Iris (b. 1922).{{sfn|Cleverley|2008|pp=2–3}} An athletic youth, Törni was an early friend of future Olympic Boxing Gold Medalist Sten Suvio. After attending business school and serving with the Civil Guard, Törni entered military service in 1938, joining the 4th Independent Jaeger Infantry Battalion stationed at Kiviniemi; as the Winter War began in November 1939, his enlistment was extended and his unit confronted invading Soviet troops at Rautu.{{sfn|Cleverley|2008|pp=5, 7, 14, 20}}

Career

World War II

During the battles at Lake Ladoga, Törni took part in the destruction of the encircled Soviet divisions in Lemetti.{{sfn|Cleverley|2008|pp=26–32}}

His performance during these engagements was noticed by his commanders, and toward the end of the war, he was assigned to officer training where he was commissioned a Vänrikki (2nd lieutenant) in the reserves.{{sfn|Cleverley|2008|p=287}} After the Winter War, in June 1941, Törni went to Vienna, Austria for seven weeks of training with the Waffen-SS, and returned to Finland in July; as a Finnish officer, the Germans recognized him as an Untersturmführer.{{sfn|Cleverley|2008|pp=55, 58}}

Most of Törni's reputation was based on his successful actions in the Continuation War (1941–44) between the Soviet Union and Finland. In 1943 a unit informally named Detachment Törni was created under his command. This was an infantry unit that penetrated deep behind enemy lines and soon enjoyed a reputation on both sides of the front for its combat effectiveness. One of Törni's men was future President of Finland Mauno Koivisto.^[2] Koivisto served in a reconnaissance company under Törni's command during the Battle of Ilomantsi, which was the final Finnish-Soviet engagement of the Continuation War during July and August 1944. Törni's unit inflicted such heavy casualties on Soviet units that the Soviet Army placed a bounty on his head of 3,000,000 Finnish marks.^[3] He was decorated with the Mannerheim Cross on 9 July 1944.^[4]

The September 1944 Moscow Armistice required Finland to remove German troops from its territory, resulting in the Lapland War; during this period, much of the Finnish Army was demobilized, including Törni, leaving him unemployed in November 1944.{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=67–68}} In January 1945, he was recruited by a pro-German resistance movement in Finland and left for saboteur training in Germany, and to organize resistance in case Finland was occupied by the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=69, 72}} The training was prematurely ended in March, but as Törni could not secure transportation to Finland, he joined a German unit to fight Soviet troops near Schwerin, Germany.{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=75–76}} He surrendered to American and British troops in the last stages of World War II and eventually returned to Finland in June 1945 after escaping a British POW camp in Lübeck, Germany.{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=77, 82}}

As his family had been evacuated from Karelia, Törni sought to rejoin them in Helsinki but was arrested by Valpo, the Finnish state police;{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=85–86}} after escaping, he was arrested a second time in April 1946, and tried for treason for having joined the German Army.{{sfn|Salomaa|2000|pp=554–57}} After a trial from October to November, he received a 6-year sentence in January 1947. Imprisoned at the Turku provincial prison, Törni escaped in June, but was recaptured and sent to the Riihimäki State Prison.{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=90–92}} Finnish President Juho Paasikivi granted him a pardon in December 1948.

Emigration to the United States

In 1949 Törni, accompanied by his wartime executive officer Holger Pitkänen, traveled to Sweden, crossing the border from Tornio to Haparanda (Haaparanta), where many inhabitants were of ethnic Finnish origin. From Haparanda, Törni traveled by railroad to Stockholm where he stayed with Baroness von Essen, who harbored many fugitive Finnish officers following the war. Pitkänen was arrested and repatriated to Finland. Remaining in Sweden, Törni fell in love with a Swedish Finn, Marja Kops, and was soon engaged to be married. Hoping to establish a career before the marriage, Törni traveled under an alias as a Swedish seaman aboard the SS Bolivia, destined for Caracas, Venezuela, where Törni met one of his Winter War commanders, Finnish colonel Matti Aarnio, who was in exile having settled in Venezuela after the war. From Caracas, Törni hired on to a Swedish cargo ship, the MS Skagen, destined for the United States in 1950.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

While in the Gulf of Mexico, near Mobile, Alabama, Törni jumped overboard and swam to shore. Now a political refugee,^[5] Törni traveled to New York City where he was helped by the Finnish-American community living in Brooklyn's Sunset Park "Finntown". There he worked as a carpenter and cleaner. In 1953, Törni was granted a residence permit through an Act of Congress^[6] that was shepherded by the law firm of "Wild Bill" Donovan, former head of the Office of Strategic Services.

United States Army

Törni joined the US Army in 1954 under the provisions of the Lodge-Philbin Act and adopted the name Larry Thorne. In the US Army, he was befriended by a group of Finnish-American officers who came to be known as "Marttinen's Men" (Marttisen miehet).^[7]

With their support, Thorne joined the US Army Special Forces. While in the Special Forces, he taught skiing, survival, mountaineering, and guerrilla tactics. In turn he attended airborne school, and advanced in rank; attending Officer Candidate School, he was commissioned as a 1st lieutenant in the Signal Corps in 1957.{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=117–19}} He later received a commission and a promotion to captain in 1960. From 1958–1962 he served in the 10th Special Forces Group in West Germany at Bad Tölz, where he was second in command of a search and recovery mission high in the Zagros Mountains of Iran, which gained him a notable reputation.{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=127–35}} When he was in Germany, he briefly visited his relatives in Finland. In an episode of The Big Picture released in 1962 and composed of footage filmed in 1959, Thorne is shown as a lieutenant with the 10th Special Forces Group in the United States Army.^[8]

Vietnam War and death

Deploying to South Vietnam in November 1963 to support South Vietnamese forces in the Vietnam War, Thorne and Special Forces Detachment A-734 were stationed in the Tịnh Biên District and assigned to operate Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG) encampments at Châu Lăng and later Tịnh Biên.{{sfn|Cleverley|2008|pp=239–45}}

During a fierce attack on the CIDG camp in Tịnh Biên, he received two Purple Hearts and a Bronze Star Medal for valor during the battle.{{sfn|McDowell|2002|pp=}} This attack would later be described by author Robin Moore in his book The Green Berets.{{sfn|Cleverley|2008|p=302}}

Thorne's second tour in Vietnam began in February 1965 with 5th Special Forces Group; he then transferred to Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV–SOG), a classified US special operations unit focusing on unconventional warfare in Vietnam, as a military advisor.{{sfn|McDowell|2002|pp=}}

On 18 October 1965, he was supervising a clandestine mission to locate Viet Cong turnaround points along the Ho Chi Minh trail and destroy them with airstrikes. During the operation his Republic of Vietnam Air Force CH-34 helicopter crashed in a mountainous area of Phước Sơn District, Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam, 25 miles (40 km) from Da Nang.{{sfn|McDowell|2002}}^[9] Rescue teams were unable to locate the crash site. Shortly after his disappearance, Thorne was promoted to the rank of major and posthumously awarded the Legion of Merit and Distinguished Flying Cross.{{sfn|McDowell|2002}}

In 1999, Thorne's remains were found by a Finnish and Joint Task Force-Full Accounting team^[10] and repatriated to the United States following a Hanoi Noi Bai International Airport ceremony that included Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and Ambassador Pete Peterson.{{sfn|McDowell|2002}}

Formally identified in 2003, his remains were buried on 26 June 2003 at Arlington National Cemetery, section 60, tombstone 8136, along with the Republic of Vietnam Air Force casualties of the mission recovered at the crash site.^[11] He was memorialized on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial at Panel 02E, Line 126.^[12] He was survived only by his fiancé, Marja Kops, who later married another man.^[13]

Military awards

Distinguished Flying Cross citation

Dates of rank

Commemoration

In the 1990s, Törni's name became better known as a war hero, with numerous books being written about him.^[14] He was named 52nd in the Suuret Suomalaiset listing of famous Finns; in the 2006 Suomen Sotilas (Soldier of Finland) magazine listing, he was elected most courageous of the Mannerheim Cross recipients.^[15]

In Finland, the survivors, friends, and families of Detachment Törni formed the Lauri Törni Tradition Guild.^[16] The Infantry Museum (Jalkaväkimuseo) in Mikkeli, Finland, has an exhibit dedicated to Törni,^[17] as does the Military Museum of Finland in Helsinki.^[18]

Even before his death, Thorne's name was legendary in US Special Forces.^[19] His US memorial is the Larry Thorne Headquarters Building, 10th SFG(A), Fort Carson, Colorado. 10th Group honors him yearly by presenting the Larry Thorne Award to the best Operational Detachment-Alpha in the command.^[20] The Special Forces Association Chapter 33 in Cleveland, Tennessee is named after him.^[21]

In 2010 he was named as the first Honorary Member of the United States Army Special Forces Regiment^[22]^[23] and in 2011 he was inducted into the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) Commando Hall of Honor.^[24] In the book The Green Berets by Robin Moore, the "Sven Kornie" (or Captain Steve Kornie) main character in the first chapter was based on Thorne.^[25]

In their 2013 book Tuntematon Lauri Törni [Unknown Lauri Törni], authors Juha Pohjonen and Oula Silvennoinen argue that Törni's conviction for treason was justified because the SS training he received at the end of World War II was provided to help achieve a National Socialist coup in Finland.^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]{{Page needed|date=April 2014}}{{Request quotation|date=April 2014}} This view has been challenged by Törni Heritage Guild members Markku Moberg and Pasi Niittymäki, who acknowledge that Törni faced pressure from the war and alcohol consumption, but contend that he did not support Germany.^[30] Furthermore, Finnish historian and later Minister of Defence (2015-2019) Jussi Niinistö argued that Törni's training was actually motivated by patriotism towards his native country, and accused Pohjonen and Silvennoinen of stirring up hatred in order to promote sales of their book while disregarding "the fact that in Finland there was a genuine fear that Russia would occupy Finland."^[31]

Törni is the subject of the song "Soldier of 3 Armies", by the Swedish power-metal band Sabaton.^[32]

Notes

1. ^Gill (1998) gives several aliases used by Törni: "Lauri Laine" when receiving German training (p. 69); "Aulis Haapalainen" after escaping from a British POW camp (p. 83); and "Elino Morsky" when traveling to Venezuela and the United States (pp. 93–94).
2. ^{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Richard M.|title=Elite Forces|year=2003|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0753508237|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4JsL8v_sg5wC&pg=PT213&dq=Lauri+T%C3%B6rni#v=onepage&q=Lauri%20T%C3%B6rni&f=false}}
3. ^{{cite book|last1=Jowett|first1=Philip|last2=Snodgrass|first2=Brent|title=Finland at War 1939–1945|date=2006|publisher=Osprey|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1782001256|page=32 |oclc=824780162}}
4. ^Knights of the Mannerheim Cross (Finnish); accessed 20 September 2014.
5. ^{{cite book|title=Finns in the United States: A History of Settlement, Dissent, and Integration|year=2014|publisher=Michigan State University Press|isbn=978-1628950205|page=52|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxcTAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=Kero, Reino|authorlink=Reino Kero|editor=Kostianinen, Auvo|chapter=Part 3: Seamen, Masses, and Individual Migrants of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Migration from Finland to North America|accessdate=20 September 2014}}
6. ^{{cite journal|title=Chapter 422 [H.R. 2604], Private Law 83-168 – An Act for the relief of Lauri Allan Torni|journal=83rd Congress, 1st Session, 1953|date=12 August 1953|volume=67|page=A60|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-67/pdf/STATUTE-67-PgA60.pdf}}
7. ^Named after Colonel Alpo K. Marttinen, this group of Finnish wartime officers had immigrated to the United States and were inducted into the US Army under the Lodge Act. Several were brought into the US Special Forces at its inception.
8. ^"Phantom Fighters. USA Special Forces Training" (TV-448) 1962, via LiveLeak.
9. ^{{cite book|last=LeFavor|first=Paul D.|title=US Army Special Forces Small Unit Tactics Handbook|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoQXkhZgGAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2013|publisher=Blacksmith|location=Fayetteville, NC|isbn=978-0989551304|pages=50–51|editor=Blackburn, Michael|chapter=Ch. 1: Special Forces History – Operation Shining Brass}}
10. ^Per McDowell, Finnish members of the team included publisher Kari Kallonen, reporter Petri Sarjanen, photographer Juha Saxberg, Törni's nephew Juha Rajala, and videographer Tapio Anttila.
11. ^{{cite web|last=Temmes|first=Asko|title=Legendary Finnish war hero Lauri Törni (Larry Thorne) to get final resting place in Arlington National Cemetery: Remains of victims of 1965 helicopter crash will be interred simultaneously|url=http://www2.hs.fi/english/archive/news.asp?id=20030617IE9|work=Helsingin Sanomat|date=12 June 2003|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417155023/http://www2.hs.fi/english/archive/news.asp?id=20030617IE9|archivedate=17 April 2014|df=}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Larry Alan Thorne Major SD-5891, HQ, MACV Advisors, MACV. Army of the United States, Norwalk, Connecticut|url=http://www.virtualwall.org/dt/ThorneLA01a.htm|website=virtualwall.org|publisher=The Virtual Wall® Vietnam Veterans Memorial|accessdate=30 August 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Lauri Törni rakastui kunnolla vain kerran, mutta onnellinen tarina päättyi erittäin lyhyeen|url=https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000001000667.html|publisher=Ilta-Sanomat|language=Finnish}}
14. ^{{cite journal|last=Kivimäki|first=Ville|authorlink=:fi:Ville Kivimäki|title=Between Defeat and Victory: Finnish memory culture of the Second World War|journal=Scandinavian Journal of History|date=12 May 2012|volume=37|issue=4|pages=482–504|doi=10.1080/03468755.2012.680178}}
15. ^{{cite book|title=Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations|year=2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004208940|page=464|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=C68xN5lTN6EC&pg=PA464&dq=Lauri+T%C3%B6rni#v=onepage&q=Lauri%20T%C3%B6rni&f=false|author=Kinnunen, Tiina|author2=Jokisipilä, Markku |authorlink2=:fi:Markku Jokisipilä |editor=Kinnunen, Tiina |editor2=Kivimäki, Ville|chapter=Part Four: Wars of Memory; Chapter 10: Shifting Images of "Our Wars": Finnish Memory Culture of World War II|oclc=748330780}}
16. ^Os Lauri Törni Perinnekilta ry (Lauri Törni Tradition Guild)
17. ^{{cite book|last=Nargele|first=Dominik George|title=Terror Survivors and Freedom Fighters |year=2005|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington, IL|isbn=978-1467837439|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/?id=IDWp1UsnjnYC&pg=PA35&dq=Lauri+T%C3%B6rni#v=onepage&q=Lauri%20T%C3%B6rni&f=false |oclc=682903422}} {{cite book|last=Nargele|first=Dominik George|title=Endless Cold War|year=2009|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-1438999814|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y0M51lIVn8oC&pg=PP2&dq=%22Lauri+T%C3%B6rni%22#v=onepage&q=%22Lauri%20T%C3%B6rni%22&f=false|oclc=620134604}}
18. ^Remember the Military Museum in Helsinki during your summer holiday. 14 June 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417105324/http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/EN+Puolustusvoimat.fi/Puolustusvoimat.fi+en/National+Defence+University/News/News/Remember+the+Military+Museum+in+Helsinki+during+your+summer+holiday |date=17 April 2014 }}
19. ^{{cite book|last1=Corns|first1=John H.|title=Our Time in Vietnam|date=2009|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1440183249|page=13|oclc= 620150268}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=The Ideal Green Beret|author=Gregory, Jim| url=http://www.eucom.mil/article/19753/the-ideal-green-beret|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917033930/http://www.eucom.mil/article/19753/the-ideal-green-beret|publisher=United States European Command Public Affairs Office|archive-date=17 September 2012|date=30 June 2010}}
21. ^Special Forces Association Larry A. Thorne Memorial Chapter 33 website
22. ^{{cite web|title=Lauri Törni sai kunnianosoituksen USA:n erikoisjoukoilta [Larry Thorne honored by US Special Forces]|url=http://www.iltasanomat.fi/kotimaa/art-1288337992863.html|work=Kotimaa|publisher=Ilta-Sanomat|language=Finnish|date=9 September 2010}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Distinguished Member of the Special Forces Regiment: Major Larry Thorne|url=http://www.soc.mil/swcs/RegimentalHonors/_pdf/sf_thorne.pdf|publisher=U.S. Army Special Operations Center of Excellence|accessdate=30 August 2017|location=Ft. Bragg, NC|quote=Inducted June 2010}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Commando Hall of Honor|url=http://www.socom.mil/hall-of-heroes|website=www.socom.mil|publisher=US Special Operations Command|accessdate=30 August 2017}}
25. ^Moore's book was published the same year Thorne died. {{OCLC|422663434}} "Kornie, originally a Finn, fought the Russians when they invaded his native land. Later he had joined the German Army and miraculously survived two years of fighting the Russians on the eastern front." (p. 30) The book was later made into a movie by the same name, starring John Wayne. {{AFI film|23668|The Green Berets}}.
26. ^{{cite book|last=Pohjonen|first=Juha|title=Tuntematon Lauri Törni|trans-title= Unknown Lauri Törni|year=2013|author2=Silvennoinen, Oula|language=Finnish}}
27. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20140415124310/https://tuhat.halvi.helsinki.fi/portal/en/projects/tuntematon-lauri-to(4c2d28d1-789b-4b28-aedd-78816d1654d5).html University of Helsinki bibliographic data]
28. ^{{cite web|last=Määttänen|first=Markus|title=Juha Pohjonen ja Oula Silvennoinen: Tuntematon Lauri Törni|date=24 October 2013|url=http://www.aamulehti.fi/Kirjat/1194848097145/artikkeli/juha+pohjonen+ja+oula+silvennoinen+tuntematon+lauri+torni.html|work=Aamulehti|language=Finnish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204715/http://www.aamulehti.fi/Kirjat/1194848097145/artikkeli/juha+pohjonen+ja+oula+silvennoinen+tuntematon+lauri+torni.html|archivedate=29 October 2013|df=}}
29. ^{{cite web|last=Pilke|first=Antti|title=Historioitsija: Lauri Törni sekaantui natsikumouksen ajamiseen Suomeen [Historian: Larry Thorne was involved in Nazism in Finland]|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/historioitsija_lauri_torni_sekaantui_natsikumouksen_ajamiseen_suomeen/6889620|work=Uutiset|publisher=Yle|language=Finnish|date=20 October 2013}}
30. ^{{cite web|title=Perinnekilta: Lauri Törni ei ollut natsi [Heritage Guild: Larry Thorne was not a Nazi]|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/perinnekilta_lauri_torni_ei_ollut_natsi/6899010|work=Uutiset|publisher=Yle|language=Finnish|date=24 October 2013}}
31. ^{{cite web|last=Hirsimäki|first=Tiina|title=Niinistö: Lauri Törnin menneisyyttä ei ole siloteltu [Niinistö: Lauri Törni's past not smooth]|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/niinisto_lauri_tornin_menneisyytta_ei_ole_siloteltu/6893274|work=Uutiset|publisher=Yle|date=21 October 2013}}
32. ^[https://www.sabaton.net/discography/soldier-3-armies-lyrics/ "Soldier Of 3 Armies – Lyrics"]