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词条 Lavender (color)
释义

  1. Historical development of the concept of the color

  2. Variations

     Lavender blush  Lavender mist (web color lavender)  Languid lavender  Lavender gray  Soap  Pale lavender  Lavender blue  Light lavender (wisteria)  Pink lavender  Lavender pink  Medium lavender magenta (web color plum)  Heliotrope  Lavender (floral)  Amethyst  Deep lavender (web color medium purple)  Lavender purple (purple mountain majesty)  English lavender  Twilight lavender  Old lavender 

  3. In culture

     Fashion  LGBT  Medicine  Music  Religion   Film, television and video games  

  4. See also

  5. References

{{About|the color||Lavender (disambiguation)}}{{color swatch|#B57EDC|Lavender (floral) (#B57EDC)|right}}{{color swatch|#E6E6FA|Lavender (web) (#E6E6FA)|right}}{{infobox color
|title= Lavender (web color)
|image=Image:Single_lavendar_flower02.jpg
|hex= E6E6FA
|r=230|g=230|b=250
|c= 8|m= 8|y= 0|k=2
|h=240|s= 8|v= 98[1]
|source=X11[2]}}

Lavender is a light purple. It applies particularly to the color of the flower of the same name. The web color called lavender is displayed at right—it matches the color of the very palest part of the lavender flower; however, the more saturated color shown below as floral lavender more closely matches the average color of the lavender flower as shown in the picture and is the tone of lavender historically and traditionally considered lavender by the average person as opposed to those who are web site designers.[3] The color lavender might be described as a medium purple or a light pinkish purple.

The term lavender may be used in general to apply to a wide range of pale, light or greyish purples but only on the pink side. Lilac is pale purple on the blue side. In paints, the colour lavender is made by mixing purple and white paint.

The first recorded use of the word lavender as a color term in English was in 1705.[4]

Historical development of the concept of the color

Originally, the name lavender only applied to flowers. By 1930, the book A Dictionary of Color[5] identified three major shades of lavender—[floral] lavender, lavender gray, and lavender blue, and in addition a fourth shade of lavender called old lavender (a dark lavender gray) (all four of these shades of lavender are shown below). By 1955, the publication of the ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (a color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps), now on the Internet,[6] listed dozens of different shades of lavender. Today, although the color floral lavender (the color of the flower of the lavender plant) remains the standard for lavender, just as there are many shades of pink (light red, light rose, and light magenta colors), there are many shades of lavender (some light magenta, some light purple, [mostly] light violet [as well as some grayish violet], and some light indigo colors).

Variations

Lavender blush

{{infobox color
|title= Lavender blush
|hex= FFF0F5
|r=255|g=240|b=245
|c= 0|m= 6|y= 0|k= 0
|h=340|s= 6|v=100[7]
|source=X11}}

Displayed at right is the web color lavender blush. It is a pale pinkish tone of lavender.

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Lavender mist (web color lavender)

{{infobox color
|title= Lavender mist
|hex= E6E6FA
|r=230|g=230|b=250
|h=240|s= 8|v= 98[8]
|source=X11}}

The color designated as the web color lavender is a very pale tint of lavender that in other (artistic) contexts may be described as lavender mist.{{cn|date=June 2017}}

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Languid lavender

{{infobox color
|title= Languid lavender
|hex= D6CADD
|r=214|g=202|b=221
|c= 0|m= 17|y= 0|k= 22
|h=270|s= 17|v= 82
|source=Plochere}}

Displayed at right is the color languid lavender. The source of this color is the Plochere Color System, a color system formulated in 1948 that is widely used by interior designers.[9]

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Lavender gray

{{infobox color
|title= Lavender gray
|hex= C4C3D0
|r=196|g=195|b=208
|c= 6|m= 6|y= 0|k=18
|h=245|s= 6|v= 82[10]
|source=ISCC-NBS}}

The historical name for this color is lavender gray. It is listed in A Dictionary of Color as one of the three major variations of lavender in 1930 along with lavender blue (shown below) and [floral] lavender (also shown below).[11] (This book also designates a fourth shade of lavender, called old lavender, also shown below). This color is similar to Prismacolor colored pencil PC 1026, Greyed Lavender.

Sample of lavender gray: ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955)—Color sample of lavender gray (color sample #213):

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Soap

{{infobox color
|title= Soap|textcolor=black
|hex= CEC8EF
|r= 206|g=200|b=239
|c= 14|m= 16|y= 0|k= 6
|h=249|s= 16|v=94[12]
|source=Crayola
}}

The color soap is displayed at right. Soap is a color formulated by Crayola in 1994 as one of the colors in its Magic Scent specialty box of colors.

This color is a representation of soap scented with lavender, one of the most popular scents for soap.

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Pale lavender

{{infobox color
|title= Pale Lavender
|hex= DCD0FF
|r= 220|g=208|b= 255
|c= 17|m= 21|y= 0|k= 0
|h=264|s= 14|v=100
|source=ISCC-NBS}}

At right is displayed the pale tint of lavender shown as lavender in sample 209 in the ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names.[13]

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Lavender blue

{{main|Periwinkle (color)}}{{Infobox color
|textcolor=black
|title=Periwinkle
|hex=CCCCFF
|r=204 |g=204 |b=255|rgbspace=sRGB
|c= 0.20|m= 0.20|y= 0|k= 0
|h=240|s= 20|v= 100
|source=Maerz and Paul[14]}}Lavender blue was listed in A Dictionary of Color as one of the three major variations of lavender in 1930 along with lavender gray (shown above) and [floral] lavender (shown below). It is identified as being the same color as periwinkle. The first use of the term lavender blue as a color term was in 1926.[15]{{Clear}}

Light lavender (wisteria)

{{infobox color|textcolor=black| title= Wisteria
|hex= C9A0DC
|r=201|g=160|b=220
|c= 16|m=40|y=0|k=0
|h=281|s= 27|v=86
|source=Crayola}}

The color wisteria is displayed at right. Wisteria, a light medium violet color is equivalent to light lavender.

The Prismacolor colored pencil PC 956, which used to be called light violet and is now called lilac (the actual color of the colored pencil is equivalent to wisteria rather than lilac) is this color.

Wisteria in this exact shade is one of the Crayola crayon colors on the list of Crayola crayon colors. It was formulated as a Crayola color in 1993. The first recorded use of wisteria as a color name in English was in 1892.[16]

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Pink lavender

{{infobox color|textcolor=black|
|hex= D8B2D1
|r=219|g= 178|b= 209
|c= 0|m= 18|y= 3|k= 15
|h=311|s= 18|v= 85[17]
|source=Pantone TPX[18]}}

The color pink lavender is displayed at right.

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #14-3207 TPX—Pink Lavender.[19]

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Lavender pink

{{infobox color
|title= Lavender pink
|hex= FBAED2
|r= 252|g= 180|b= 213
|c= 0 |m= 31|y= 16|k= 2
|h=332|s= 31|v=98[20]
|source=Crayola}}

After the introduction of the Munsell color system, in which purple, described as equivalent to red-violet is described as one of the five psychological primary colors along with red, yellow, green, and blue, some people began to think of lavender as being somewhat more pinkish color.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} This color can be described as lavender pink or pale pinkish-purple when purple is defined as equivalent to red-violet as artists do.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

This tone of lavender, displayed at right, is the color designated as lavender (color #74) in the list of Crayola crayon colors.

Before 1958, the color shown below as medium lavender gray and now called purple mountain majesty by Crayola was called lavender in Crayola crayons.

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Medium lavender magenta (web color plum)

{{infobox color
|title= Plum (web color)
|hex= DDA0DD
|r= 221|g=160|b= 221
|c= 0|m= 28|y= 0|k= 13
|h= 300|s= 28|v= 87[21] |
|source=HTML/CSS[22]}}{{Main|Plum (color)}}

At right is displayed the color medium lavender magenta which is equivalent to the web color version of plum (pale plum).

This color may be regarded both as a tone of lavender since it is a light color between rose and blue and as a light medium tone of magenta because its red and blue values are equal (the color signature of a tone of magenta for computer display).

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Heliotrope

{{main|Heliotrope (color)}}{{Infobox Color|title=Heliotrope|hex=DF73FF
|r=223|g= 115|b=255
|c= 13|m= 55|y= 0|k= 0
|h=286|s= 55|v= 100
|source = Maerz and Paul[23]}}

The color heliotrope is shown at right. Another name for this color is psychedelic lavender because this color was a popular color often used in the hippie psychedelic poster art of the late 1960s for the Fillmore Auditorium and the Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco. These posters were sold in the head shops of the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood and were drawn and produced by such artists as Wes Wilson, Stanley Mouse, Rick Griffin, and Victor Moscoso. Images of psychedelic posters:[24]

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Lavender (floral)

{{infobox color
|title= Lavender (floral)
|hex= B57EDC
|r=181|g=126|b=220
|c= 18|m= 43|y= 0|k=14
|h=275|s= 43|v= 86[25]
|source=Maerz and Paul[26]}}

At right is displayed the color Lavender (floral). This color matches the color shown as "lavender" (viewed under a full-spectrum fluorescent lamp) in the 1930 book A Dictionary of Color (reference below), the world standard for color names before the introduction of computers. This color may also be called floral lavender. It is a medium violet.

This tone of lavender would be the approximate color you would get if you mix 50% violet paint and 50% white paint.

This tone of lavender may be regarded as actual lavender and the other tones displayed in this article can be regarded as all variations on this shade.[27]

This lavender also closely matches the color given as lavender in a basic purple color chart.

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Amethyst

Amethyst as a quaternary color on the RYB color wheel
#800080|purple}}
#691A87|amethyst}}
#55308D|violet}}
{{infobox color
|title=Amethyst|textcolor=white
|hex=9966CC
|r=153|g=102|b=204
|c= 25|m= 50|y= 0|k= 20
|h=270|s= 50|v= 80[28]
|source=htmlcsscolor[29]}}

The color amethyst is a moderate, transparent violet. Its name is derived from the stone amethyst, a form of quartz.

The first recorded use of amethyst as a color name in English was in 1572.[30]

Though the color of natural amethyst varies from purple to yellow, the amethyst color referred to here is the moderate purple color most commonly associated with amethyst stones. There is disagreement as to the cause of the purple color of the amethyst stone. Some believe that the color is due to the presence of manganese, while others have suggested that the amethyst color could be from ferric thiocyanate or sulfur found in amethyst stones.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

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Deep lavender (web color medium purple)

{{infobox color|textcolor=white
|title= Medium purple
|hex= 9370DB
|r=147|g=112|b=219
|c= 56|m= 58|y= 0|k= 0
|h=270|s= 68|v=72
|source=X11}}{{main|Purple}}

Displayed at right is the web color medium purple which is equivalent to deep medium violet or deep lavender.

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Lavender purple (purple mountain majesty)

{{infobox color
|title= Purple mountain majesty
|textcolor=white
|hex= 9678B6
|r=150|g= 120|b=182
|c= 18|m= 34|y= 0|k= 29
|h=260|s= 34|v= 71[31]
|source=Crayola}}

Displayed at right is the color purple mountain majesty, a Crayola color since 1993. This color may be regarded as a medium lavender gray.

This color was the color called lavender in Crayola crayons before 1958, when Crayola switched to calling the color shown above as lavender pink as being lavender. See the website "Lost Crayola Crayon Colors".[32] Because of that, another name for this color is lavender purple.

This color is a representation of the way mountains look when they are far away.

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English lavender

{{infobox color|textcolor=white
|title= English lavender
|hex= B48395
|r=180|g= 131|b= 149
|c= 0|m= 27|y= 17|k= 29
|h=338|s= 27|v= 71[33]
|source=Pantone TPX[34]}}

Displayed at right is the color English lavender.

English lavender is a medium light tone of grayish pinkish lavender.

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-3617 TPX—English Lavender.[35]

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Twilight lavender

{{infobox color
|title= Twilight lavender|textcolor=white
|hex= 8A496B
|r= 138|g= 73|b= 107
|c= 14|m= 33|y= 0|k= 0
|h=297|s= 48|v=96[36]
|source=Crayola
}}

The color twilight lavender is displayed at right. Twilight lavender is a color formulated by Crayola in 1990 as one of the colors in its Silver Swirls specialty box of metallic colors.

Although this is supposed to be a metallic color, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a computer.

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Old lavender

{{infobox color
|title= Old lavender|textcolor=white
|hex= 796878
|r=121|g=104|b=120
|c= 38|m= 44|y= 0|k= 27
|h=270|s= 3|v= 22
|source=ISCC-NBS}}

The dark lavender gray color displayed at right is called old lavender. It is a dark grayish violet.

The first recorded use of old lavender as a color name in English was in the year 1924.[37]

The source of this color is color sample #228 at the following website:[38] —The ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Colo(u)r Names (1955), a website for stamp collectors to evaluate the colors of their stamps.

{{Clear}}

In culture

Fashion

  • In the formal rules of mourning dress in Georgian, Victorian, and Edwardian Britain, lavender was one of the few colors generally considered acceptable for women's clothing during the period of half-mourning, during which the bereaved was considered to still be in mourning and required to dress in sober, muted tones, but was not expected to wear the all-black garments of full mourning.
  • Lavender roses are symbolic of "love at first sight".[39]

LGBT

  • Just as in the 1890s mauve symbolized homosexuality, the tone of lavender described above as [true] lavender or floral lavender became the symbol of homosexuality in the 1950s and 1960s. The first usage was in the 1920s to indicate an effeminate style. In 1923, Harold Hersey wrote a tongue-in-cheek poem called "The Lavender Cowboy" about an unmanly cowboy with "only two hairs on his chest". Seán O'Casey wrote in 1928, "I am very sorry... that I have hurt the refined sentimentalities of C. W. Allen by neglecting to use the lavender... language of the 18th and 19th centuries." Cole Porter's 1929 song "I'm a Gigolo," went: "I'm a famous gigolo, And of lavender, my nature's got just a dash in it." A 1935 dictionary of slang reported "streak of lavender," meant an effeminate man or a sissy, a term used in 1926 by Carl Sandburg to describe young Abraham Lincoln.[40] In the 1960s, homophiles were sometimes referred to as the lavender boys (this term is still used by some people [both gay and non-gay] to refer to gays). A lavender convention is a convention of homosexuals. A heterosexual who has some homosexual tendencies is described as someone with a dash of lavender.[41] In the 1970s pink became more often associated with homosexuality because of the use of the pink triangle as a symbol of gay liberation. However, gays of the baby boom generation still think of lavender as the gayest color. According to some sources, the reason lavender symbolizes homosexuality is because it is the color that is obtained when you mix pink (the color symbolizing girls) with baby blue (the color symbolizing boys).[42] [https://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=%22Homosexuality%22&btnG=Google+Search&sa=N&tab=wi]
  • Lavender roses are sometimes given by LGBT people to each other on Valentine's Day or may be given to those entering into a same-sex marriage.
  • A Lavender marriage is a marriage between a man and a woman in which one, or both, parties are, or are assumed to be, homosexual. Usually, but not always, both parties are assumed to be complicit in a public deception to hide their homosexuality (although in some lavender marriages, the marriage partners may be bisexual).
  • In the bandana code of the gay leather subculture, wearing a lavender bandana symbolizes that you have a fetish for dressing in drag.[43][44][45]
  • Lavender is the name of a LGBT magazine in Minnesota.
  • The Lavender Dragon Society was a club for gay Asian Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area in the late 1990s and early 2000s.[46]
  • The Lavender Families Resource Network, formerly known as the Mothers' National Defense Fund, was a Seattle-based organization started in 1974 with the aim to provide lesbian and bisexual women with resources and information relating to child-rearing, custody and adoption issues, and donor insemination.[47]
  • Lavender Graduation is an event that occurs annually at many colleges and universities where LGBT students get their own graduation ceremony to celebrate their identities and achievements.
  • The study of language used specifically by LGBT speakers is known as lavender linguistics.
  • The LGBTQIA caucus of the Green Party of the United States is the Lavender Greens.[48]
  • The lavender scare refers to the fear and persecution of homosexuals in the 1950s in the United States, which paralleled the anti-communist campaign known as McCarthyism.
  • A synonym used for the original gay liberation movement which began in 1969 is referring to the movement as the lavender revolution.
  • During the 1960s feminism movement, lesbians were rejected by then head of the National Organization for Women, Betty Friedan, calling them the "Lavender Menace". These lesbian radical feminists adopted the name for their own informal group, consisting of many members of the Gay Liberation Front.
  • The Lavender Panthers was a gay rights activist group in San Francisco during the early 1970s, led by the Reverend Ray Broshears.[49]
  • Lavender Country was an American country music band whose 1973 self-titled album was made up entirely of gay-themed songs.

Medicine

  • A lavender ribbon symbolizes general cancer awareness.{{cn|date=March 2018}}

Music

  • "Lavender Blue", originally an English folk song dating to the 17th century. This song became very popular during the 1950s rock and roll era, when it was sung by Solomon Burke. A hit version of the song, sung by Burl Ives, was featured in the Walt Disney movie So Dear to My Heart.
  • "Lavender" is a song by Marillion on the album Misplaced Childhood. It quotes the folk song "Lavender Blue" in its lyrics.

Religion

  • In Theosophy and the Ascended Master Teachings (a group of religions based on Theosophy), since the color violet represents the deity St. Germain, and lavender is simply a light tone of violet, lavender as well as violet objects may be placed on the altar to St. Germain.
  • The Christian holiday of Easter is represented by lavender and yellow because the crocus flower, which is lavender and yellow, blooms in Europe in the spring.{{cn|date=March 2018}}

Film, television and video games

  • Ladies in Lavender is a 2004 film by Charles Dance.
  • Lavender Town is a purple-tinted town in the Kanto region in the Pokémon video games. It is well-known for being a graveyard for Pokémon, and the many ghosts that haunt it.

See also

  • LGBT symbols
  • Lilac
  • List of colors
  • Mauve

References

1. ^web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #E6E6FA (Lavender (web color)):
2. ^4.3. SVG color keywords--X11 colors including gray/grey variants:. (May 2003). Retrieved on 2008-01-05.
3. ^Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill See discussion of color lavender, Page 163; See color Sample of Lavender—Page 109 Plate 43 Color Sample C5 (Note that the color sample of lavender shown in the book A Dictionary of Color (the world standard for color matching before the introduction of computers) matches the shade of lavender displayed above under the heading "Lavender (floral)" )
4. ^Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York: 1930 McGraw-Hill Page 197
5. ^Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill
6. ^ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955)—Color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps—See various shades of the color Lavender displayed on indicated page:  
7. ^web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #FFF0F5 (Lavender Blush):
8. ^web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #E6E6FA (Lavender Mist):
9. ^Plochere Color System: {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821120555/http://colors.bravo9.com/nbs-iscc-p-plochere-color-system/list/all/ |date=2010-08-21 }}
10. ^web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #C4C3D0 (Lavender Gray):
11. ^Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 197
12. ^web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #CEC8EF (Soap):
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-l.htm |title=Retsof online version of ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Colo(u)r Names - La through Lz |publisher=Tx4.us |date= |accessdate=2009-12-07}}
14. ^The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called periwinkle in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color periwinkle is displayed on page 109, Plate 43, Color Sample B8.
15. ^Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196—Lavender blue shown as one of the three major variations of lavender under heading lavender; Page 190—Lavender blue is listed as blue-lavender, first use of the color term is identified as 1926, and the color is identified with periwinkle.
16. ^Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 207; Color Sample of Wisteria: Page 105 Plate 41 Color Sample E8
17. ^web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #D8B2D1 (Pink Lavender):
18. ^Type the words "Pink Lavender" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
19. ^Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder--Type the words "Pink Lavender" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:
20. ^web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #FBAED2 (Lavender Pink):
21. ^web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #DDA0DD (Medium Lavender Magenta):
22. ^W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords. W3C. (May 2003). Retrieved on 27 October 2009.
23. ^The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called heliotrope in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color heliotrope is displayed on page 131, Plate 54, Color Sample C10.
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://images.google.com/images?q=%22Psychedelic+Posters%22&hl=en&btnG=Search+Images |title="Psychedelic Posters" - Google Images |publisher=Images.google.com |date= |accessdate=2009-12-07}}
25. ^web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #B57EDC (Lavender (Floral):
26. ^The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called lavender in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color lavender is displayed on page 109, Plate 43, Color Sample C5.
27. ^Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Color Sample of Lavender—Page 109 Plate 43 Color Sample C5 (The color sample of lavender shown in A Dictionary of Color matches the tone of lavender displayed above under the heading "Lavender (floral)")
28. ^web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #9966CC (Amethyst):
29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.htmlcsscolor.com/hex/9966CC|title=HEX color #9966CC, Color name: Amethyst, RGB(153,102,204), Windows: 13395609. - HTML CSS Color|last=Nikolaev|first=8Bytes studio, Koshevoy Dmitry. Ukraine,|website=www.htmlcsscolor.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-25}}
30. ^Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 189; Color Sample of Amethyst: Page 113 Plate 45 Color Sample J8
31. ^web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #9678B6 (Lavender Purple (Purple Mountain Majesty)):
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://maxpages.com/lostcrayolas/lost_color_lists |title=lost color lists - (bring back gold ochre!) - Art - http://maxpages.com/lostcrayolas/lost_color_lists |publisher=Maxpages.com |date=2004-06-24 |accessdate=2009-12-07}}
33. ^web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #B48395 (English Lavender):
34. ^Type the words "English Lavender" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
35. ^Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder--Type the words "English Lavender" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:
36. ^web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #8A496B (Twilight Lavender):
37. ^Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 200
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-o.htm |title=Retsof online version of ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Colo(u)r Names - Oa through Oz |publisher=Tx4.us |date= |accessdate=2009-12-07}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rkdn.org/roses/colors.asp|title=Rose color Meanings - Meaning of Rose Colors|website=www.rkdn.org|access-date=2016-05-07}}
40. ^Oxford English Dictionary
41. ^Rodgers, Bruce Gay Talk: The Queen's Vernacular—A Dictionary of Gay Slang New York:1972—Parragon Books, G.P. Putnam's Sons, Page 124—Lavender
42. ^Jay, Karla and Young, Allen Lavender Culture: The Perceptive Voices of Outspoken Lesbians and Gay Men (1978)
43. ^{{citation | last=Andrews | first=Vincent | year=2010 | title=The Leatherboy Handbook | publisher=The Nazca Plains Corp. | isbn=978-1-61098-046-3 }}
44. ^Hankycode on gaycitiusa.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206134258/http://www.gaycityusa.com/hankycodes.htm |date=2007-12-06 }} access date 2012-03-30
45. ^Hankycode on leathernjonline.com access date 2010-03-30
46. ^ 
47. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Bonica, Patricia |author2=Jaime M. Grant.|date=1998|title=Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Organizations.|url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/rcuswh/gay_lesbian_and_bisexual_organizations/0?searchId=f2a46d17-0de6-11e6-a80f-0aea1e3b2a47&result=2|journal=The Reader's Companion to U.s. Women's History|doi=|pmid=|access-date=May 6, 2016}}
48. ^http://www.lavendergreens.net/
49. ^October 8, 1973 issue of Time magazine about the Lavender Panthers :  
Attribution
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3 : Quaternary colors|Shades of violet|LGBT terminology
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