| 词条 | Lawrence B. Lindsey |
| 释义 |
|name = Lawrence B. Lindsey |image = Governor Lawrence B Lindsey 140501.jpg |office = 4th Director of the National Economic Council |president = George W. Bush |term_start = January 20, 2001 |term_end = December 12, 2002 |predecessor = Gene Sperling |successor = Steve Friedman |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|7|18}} |birth_place = Peekskill, New York, U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = Republican |spouse = Susan Lindsey {{small|(Divorced 2013)}} |residence = Clifton, Virginia |children = 3 |education = Bowdoin College {{small|(BA)}} Harvard University {{small|(MA, PhD)}} }}Lawrence B. "Larry" Lindsey (born July 18, 1954) is an American economist. He was director of the National Economic Council (2001–2002), and the assistant to the president on economic policy for the U.S. President George W. Bush. He played a leading role in formulating President Bush's $1.35 trillion tax cut plan, convincing candidate Bush that he needed an "insurance policy" against an economic turndown. He left the White House in December 2002 and was replaced by Stephen Friedman after a dispute over the projected cost of the Iraq War. Lindsey estimated the cost of the Iraq War could reach $200 billion, while Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld estimated that it would cost less than $50 billion.[1] Biography and achievementsLindsey was born on July 18, 1954 in Peekskill, New York. He graduated from Lakeland Senior High School in Shrub Oak, New York in 1972. An alumnus of Alpha Rho Upsilon fraternity at Bowdoin College, he received his A.B. magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from Bowdoin and his A.M. and Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University. He is the author of The Growth Experiment: How the New Tax Policy is Transforming the U.S. Economy (Basic Books, New York, 1990, {{ISBN|978-0465050703}}), Economic Puppetmasters: Lessons from the Halls of Power (AEI Press, Washington, D.C., 1999, {{ISBN|978-0844740812}}), What A President Should Know ...but most learn too late: An Insiders View On How To Succeed In The Oval Office (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Maryland, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0742562226}}), and Conspiracies of the Ruling Class: How to Break Their Grip Forever (Simon & Schuster, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1501144233}}). Also he has contributed numerous articles to professional publications. His honors and awards include the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Boston Bar Association, 1994; an honorary degree from Bowdoin College, 1993; selection as a Citicorp/Wriston Fellow for Economic Research, 1988; and the Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Award from the National Tax Association, 1985. During the Reagan Administration, he served three years on the staff of the Council of Economic Advisers as Senior Staff Economist for Tax Policy. He then served as Special Assistant to the President for Policy Development during the first Bush administration Lindsey served as a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for five years from November 1991 to February 1997. Additionally, Lindsey was Chairman of the Board of the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, a national public/private community redevelopment organization, from 1993 until his departure from the Federal Reserve. From 1997 to January 2001, Lindsey was a Resident Scholar and holder of the Arthur F. Burns Chair in Economics at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C. He was also Managing Director of Economic Strategies, an economic advisory service based in New York City. During 1999 and throughout 2000 he served as then-Governor George W. Bush's chief economic advisor for his presidential campaign. He is a former associate professor of Economics at Harvard University. Lindsey is Chief Executive Officer of the Lindsey Group,[1] which he runs with a former colleague from the National Economic Council and writes for The Wall Street Journal, Weekly Standard and other publications. He was a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. ControversiesLindsey is famous for spotting the emergence of the late 1990s U.S. stock market bubble back in 1996 while a Governor of the Federal Reserve. According to the meeting transcripts for September of that year, Lindsey challenged the expectation that corporate earnings would grow 11½ percent a year continually. He said, "Readers of this transcript five years from now can check this fearless prediction: profits will fall short of this expectation." According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, corporate profits as a share of national income eroded from 1997 until 2001. Stock prices eventually collapsed, starting their decline in March 2000, though the S&P500 remained above its 1996 level, casting doubt on the assertion that there was a stock market bubble in 1996. In contrast to Chairman Greenspan, Lindsey argued that the Federal Reserve had an obligation to prevent the stock market bubble from growing out of control. He argued that "the long term costs of a bubble to the economy and society are potentially great.... As in the United States in the late 1920s and Japan in the late 1980s, the case for a central bank ultimately to burst that bubble becomes overwhelming. I think it is far better that we do so while the bubble still resembles surface froth and before the bubble carries the economy to stratospheric heights." During the 2000 Presidential campaign, Governor Bush was criticized for picking an economic advisor who had sold all of his stock in 1998.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} According to the Washington Post,[2] Lindsey was on an advisory board to Enron along with Paul Krugman before joining the White House. Lindsey and his colleagues warned Enron that the economic environment was riskier than they perceived. Cost of the Iraq WarOn September 15, 2002, in an interview with the Wall Street Journal, Lindsey estimated the high limit on the cost of the Bush administration's plan in 2002 of invasion and regime change in Iraq to be 1–2% of GNP, or about $100–$200 billion.[3][4] Mitch Daniels, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, discounted this estimate as "very, very high" and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld stated that the costs would be under $50 billion.[5] Rumsfeld called Lindsey's estimate "baloney".[6] As of 2007 the cost of the invasion and occupation of Iraq exceeded $400 billion, and the Congressional Budget Office in August 2007 estimated that appropriations would eventually reach $1 trillion or more.[7] In October 2007, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that by 2017, the total costs of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan could reach $2.4 trillion. In response, Democratic Representative Allen Boyd criticized the administration for firing Lindsey, saying "They found him a job outside the administration."[8] Presidential campaign leadershipLindsey has been a senior advisor to several Republican campaigns. He led the economic team for then Governor George W. Bush's successful presidential campaign in 2000, earning the trust of the future President who said at the time "I am very fond of Larry Lindsey and I value his advice".[9] During the 2008 Presidential election, Lindsey served as Fred Thompson's Senior Economic Advisor.[10] In 2012, Lindsey predicted on election day that Republican Mitt Romney would defeat President Obama.[11] In April 2016, Lindsey supported Ted Cruz over his only remaining opponent, current President Trump, explaining that Cruz was the best candidate because he had an economic program deserving of the "top grade".[12] References1. ^http://www.thelindseygroup.com/bios/ 2. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052501958.html Once a Friend and Ally, Now a Distant Memory]. Washington Post 3. ^{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Bob|title=Bush Economic Aide Says the Cost Of Iraq War May Top $100 Billion|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?r107:1:./temp/~r107ucmxFH:e92960:|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=September 16, 2002}} Reprinted in Congressional Record, vol. 148, issue 117, 107th Congress, pp. S8643–S8644.{{dead link|date=March 2016}} 4. ^{{cite news|last=Engel|first=Matthew|title=Cost of war put at $200bn, but that's nothing, says US adviser|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/17/iraq.usa|accessdate=July 23, 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 17, 2002}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11880954/|title= Cost of Iraq war could surpass $1 trillion|accessdate=2008-03-10 |author= Wolk, Martin|publisher= MSNBC|date= 2006-05-17|quote=Back in 2002, the White House was quick to distance itself from Lindsey's view. Mitch Daniels, director of the White House budget office, quickly called the estimate "very, very high." Lindsey himself was dismissed in a shake-up of the White House economic team later that year, and in January 2003, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the budget office had come up with "a number that's something under $50 billion." He and other officials expressed optimism that Iraq itself would help shoulder the cost once the world market was reopened to its rich supply of oil.}} 6. ^{{cite web |url= http://rawstory.com/news/2008/Price_of_Iraq_war_now_outpaces_0318.html|title= Price of Iraq war now outpaces Vietnam|accessdate=2008-03-18 |publisher= The Raw Story|author= Bryne, John|date= 2008-03-18 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321145702/http://rawstory.com/news/2008/Price_of_Iraq_war_now_outpaces_0318.html |archivedate = 2008-03-21}} 7. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/08/01/analysis_says_war_could_cost_1_trillion/|title= Analysis says war could cost $1 trillion|accessdate=2008-03-10 |publisher= The Boston Globe|date= 2007-08-01|author= Bender, Bryan}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.registerguard.com/csp/cms/sites/dt.cms.support.viewStory.cls?mid=6868|title=Congress told of war costs up to $2.4 trillion by 2017|publisher=The Register-Guard|date=October 25, 2007|accessdate=2007-10-25}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}} 9. ^Gosselin, Peter "Bush's Economic Advisor Lindsey Is Man of Contradictions", LA Times, 02 January 2000. 10. ^"Larry Lindsey Named as Fred Thompson's Senior Economic Advisor", 17 September 2007. 11. ^[https://www.cnbc.com/video/2012/11/06/larry-lindsey-changes-election-prediction----.html "Larry Lindsey Changes Election Prediction"],CNBC, 6 November 2012. 12. ^[https://www.cnbc.com/video/2016/04/18/grading-the-candidates-larry-lindsey.html "Grading the candidates: Larry Lindsey"],CNBC, 18 April 2016. External links
12 : 1954 births|Economists from Virginia|American male non-fiction writers|Bowdoin College alumni|Federal Reserve System governors|Harvard University alumni|Living people|People from Clifton, Virginia|People from Peekskill, New York|United States presidential advisors|Economists from New York (state)|21st-century American economists |
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