| 词条 | Mahukona Light |
| 释义 |
| name = Mahukona Light | image_name = Mahukona light 1904.jpg | image_width = | caption = Original Māhukona light, 1904 | location = | pushpin_map = Hawaii | relief = 1 | pushpin_map_caption = Hawaii | pushpin = lighthouse | coordinates = {{coord|20|10|49.3|N|155|54|05.4|W}} | yearbuilt = 1899 (first) | yearlit = 1915 (current) | automated = | yeardeactivated = 1915 (first) | foundation = | construction = masonry tower (first) reinforced concrete (current) | shape = conical frustum tower (first) square pyramidal tower with balcony and light | marking = white tower | height = {{convert|22|m|ft}} | focalheight = {{convert|64|m|ft}} | lens = | currentlens = | lightsource = solar power | intensity = | range = {{convert|6|nmi}} | characteristic = Fl W 4s. | fogsignal = | racon = | admiralty = G7226 | canada = | NGA = | ARLHS = HAW-012 | USCG = 28325 | country = | countrynumber = | countrylink = | managingagent = United States Coast Guard [1][2] | heritage = | module = }} Māhukona is a former settlement on the island of Hawai{{okina}}i. The extinct submerged volcano Māhukona, off shore and to the south, is named for this area. The settlement was once the terminus of the Hawaiian Railroad. HistoryMāhukona was a traditional land division (ahupua{{okina}}a) that extended from a bay to the slopes of Kohala mountain. Much was owned by Princess Ruth Ke{{okina}}elikōlani at one time. The name means "false harbor" in the Hawaiian language.[3] Lapakahi State Historical Park is just to the south.[4]The harbor is located at {{coord| 20|11|1|N| 155|54|2|W| type:landmark_region:US-HI| display=inline, title}} just off of Akoni Pule Highway, Hawaii Route 270.[5] While Samuel Garner Wilder was minister of the interior, he secured a charter for a railroad company in 1880. The first sugarcane plantation in the Kohala district was started by Elias Bond in 1863, but transportation proved difficult. Wilder's idea was to transport sugarcane from sugarcane plantations on the wet windward side of Kohala to Māhukona where ships could land. Wilder already ran a steamship company, so built a pier at the Māhukona harbor. Samuel Parker planned a railroad from the east coast to the port of Hilo, but was unable to fund the project.[6] Work was begun in 1881, the first track opened in 1882, and by 1883 had reached about {{convert|20|mi}} to the plantation at Niuli{{okina}}i, {{coord| 20|13|23|N| 155|44|48|W| type:landmark_region:US-HI| display=inline |name= Niulii, Hawaii }}.[7] There it met the barrier of Pololu Valley. Wilder named the first locomotive Kinau, after his wife.[8] He had plans to extend his railroad to Hilo, but that would not happen until after his death, by the Hawaii Consolidated Railway. The two would never be connected as dreamed by Wilder. In 1897 the railroad reincorporated as the Hawaii Railway Company, Ltd., and was bought out by the sugar companies in 1899.[6] A sugar mill was built on the north side of the bay, and its remains still stand. A larger wharf was built in 1911 by the Territory of Hawaii that was immediately destroyed by a storm, and rebuilt again. In 1913 it was the fourth busiest port in the islands, but only had 13 vessels enter.[9] The first lighthouse was built in 1889 just to the south of the bay. In 1915 it was replaced by a concrete pyramid {{convert|22|ft}} tall.[10] By 1937, the Kohala Sugar Company had considated all the business into the mill at Māhukona, and became Mahukona Terminals Ltd. In 1941 the port was forced to close for World War II. On October 29, 1945 the railroad shut down.[6] The town which once consisted of about 40 families, was abandoned in the 1950s.[11] In 1956 the harbor was closed. The bay is now the site of a park of Hawaii County. Although called Māhukona Beach Park, the shoreline is rocky and there is no sandy beach. Fishing, snorkeling, picnic areas, and camping are available.[12] In the 1990s a developer obtained permits to build a golf course and resort in the area.[13] The land-holding company was renamed the Kohala Preserve Conservation Trust, LLC, but encountered opposition from residents in the area.[14] A historic song about Māhukona, translated as "sugar boiler"[15] was recently recorded.[16] References1. ^[https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/hi.htm Hawaii] The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 6 November 2016 2. ^Light List, Hawaii District 14 United States Coast Giuard. Retrieved 6 November 2016 3. ^{{cite web |url= http://ulukau.org/cgi-bin/hpn?e=p&a=q&l=en&q=Mahukona&d=HASH01662761228aad4197441eb1 |title=lookup of Mahukona |work= on Hawaiian place names |author= Lloyd J. Soehren |year=2004 |publisher= Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library |accessdate= July 27, 2010 }} 4. ^Lapakahi State Historical Park {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017055307/http://www.hawaiistateparks.org/parks/hawaii/Index.cfm?park_id=50 |date=2010-10-17 }} entry on Hawai{{okina}}i State Park web site 5. ^{{GNIS|361987|name=Māhukona}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web |title= Sugar and Steam in Kohala |author= Veronica S. Schweitzer |work= Coffee Times |date= January 1998 |url= http://www.coffeetimes.com/jan98.htm |accessdate= July 27, 2010 }} 7. ^{{cite book |author=Anne M. Prescott |title=Makapala-by-the-sea: Hawaii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvcqmqEc6ZwC&pg=PA19 |year=1899 |publisher=Hawaiian Gazette Company |page=19}} 8. ^{{cite book |author1=J. C. Condé |title=Narrow gauge in a kingdom: the Hawaiian Railroad Company, 1878-1897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btFdAAAAIAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=Glenwood Publishers}} 9. ^{{cite book |author=Chamber of Commerce of Honolulu |title=Annual report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAUXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA48 |year=1914 |pages= 30, 48}} 10. ^{{cite book |author=United States Department of Commerce |title= Report of the Secretary of Commerce and reports of bureaus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi7VAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA598 |year=1918 |publisher=Government Printing Office |pages=595, 598 }} 11. ^{{cite web |title= A grand Mahalo to our Māhukona ‘Ohana |date= October 27, 2009 |work= Kohala Preserve Conservation Trust web site |url= http://www.kohalapreserve.com/news/46/a-grand-mahalo-to-our-mahukona-ohana |accessdate= July 27, 2010 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100221114132/http://www.kohalapreserve.com/news/46/a-grand-mahalo-to-our-mahukona-ohana |archivedate= February 21, 2010 |df= }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.co.hawaii.hi.us/planning/spa/north_kohala/map3.html |title=North Kohala map |work=Shoreline access |publisher=on official Hawaiʻi County web site |accessdate=July 27, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120312/http://www.co.hawaii.hi.us/planning/spa/north_kohala/map3.html |archivedate=July 8, 2011 |df= }} 13. ^{{cite web |title= Surety Holdings Corp—10SB12G |date= February 9, 2001 |publisher= US Securities and Exchange Commission |url= http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.41Z7.htm |accessdate= July 27, 2010 }} 14. ^{{cite news |title= Māhukona development challenged |author= David Kimo Frankel |url= http://www.oha.org/kwo/loa/2009/07/story14.php |work= Ka Wai Ola Loa |date= July 2009 |volume= 2 |number= 7 |accessdate= July 27, 2010 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615172600/http://www.oha.org/kwo/loa/2009/07/story14.php |archivedate= June 15, 2011 |df= }} 15. ^{{cite web |title= Māhukona |work= He Aloha Moku o Keawe: A Collection of Songs for Hawai‘i |year=1997 |author= Kīhei de Silva |publisher= Kamehameha Schools |url= http://apps.ksbe.edu/kaiwakiloumoku/kaleinamanu/he-aloha-moku-o-keawe/mahukona |accessdate= July 27, 2010}} credited to book by Edward Kamakau Likalani (1852–1917). 16. ^{{cite web |title= Hoʻokena 5 |year= 1999 |work= album listing on Hoʻokena web site |url= http://www.hookena.com/album-pages/hookena-5/hookena-5.html |accessdate= July 27, 2010 }} includes audio clip of song, track 14 External links{{commons category|Mahukona Lighthouse}}
4 : Ghost towns in Hawaii|Geography of Hawaii (island)|Bays of Hawaii (island)|Beaches of Hawaii (island) |
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