| 词条 | Ma Hushan |
| 释义 |
|name=Ma Hushan 馬虎山 |birth_date= 1910 |death_date= 1954 |birth_place=Gansu |death_place=Lanzhou |image=Ma Hushan 1937.jpg |caption=Ma Hushan |nickname= |allegiance= {{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=Republic of China}} |serviceyears=1929–54 |rank= General |commands=Deputy Divisional Commander of the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)[1] then promoted to Chief of the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) |unit= 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) |battles=Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang, Charkhlik Revolt, Xinjiang War (1937), Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958) |awards= |laterwork= }}{{Chinese name|Ma}}Ma Hu-shan (Xiao'erjing: {{lang|zh-Arab|ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮْ شً}} , {{zh|s=马虎山 |t=馬虎山 |p=Mǎ Hushān}}; 1910–1954) was the brother-in-law and follower of Ma Chung-ying, a Ma Clique warlord. He ruled over an area of southern Xinjiang, nicknamed Tunganistan by westerners, from 1934-37.[2] TunganistanMa Hushan fought against the Russian Red Army and White Russian forces during the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang and defeated them in battle.[1][3] “The Russ brought the fiji and bombed and gassed us“ he said about the war.[4] He also took part in the war to destroy the First East Turkestan Republic, commanding the 36th division at the Battle of Kashgar and Battle of Khotan.[5] His 36th Division crushed the Charkhlik Revolt by the Uighurs in the Charkhlik oasis.[6] It controlled southern Xinjiang's oasis and the area was nicknamed "Tunganistan" by Peter Fleming. Ma Hushan and the 36th Division declared their loyalty to the Kuomintang government in Nanjing and sent emissaries there requesting aid to fight against Sheng Shicai's provincial forces and the Soviet Union. Khotan was the base of Ma Hushan during his rule over the southern oases.[7] His troops were said to be "strongly anti-Japanese", and the territory they ruled was covered with "most of the stock anti-Japanese slogans from China proper," and Ma made "Resistance to Japanese Imperialism" part of his governing doctrine.[8] Ma Hushan himself was described by Ella Maillart as a "well-set-up long-legged man".[9]Carpet FactoryHis regime forced the switch from the old style to the manufacture of Chinese-style carpets by the government-owned factory.[10] He ordered the creation of "small blue carpets", "woven in Khotan". They were of Chinese design, with Chinese writing on them. Peter Birchler mistakenly said that Ma Hushan's brother-in-law Ma Zhongying was the client of the carpet factory.[11] Xinjiang War (1937){{main|Xinjiang War (1937)}}Ma Hushan formulated a plan for an anti-Soviet "jihad" to conquer the Kremlin, Russian Turkestan and Siberia.[12] He promised a devastated Europe and the conquering of Russia and India.[13] The anti-Soviet client uprising by Ma Hsi Jung (Ma Ho San) was reported by United Press International (UPI) and read by Ahmad Kamal on 3 June, 1937.[14] Ma's troops were defeated by Sheng Shicai and the Soviets, and many of them deserted or defected. Ma fled to British India.[15] He brought with him thousands of ounces of gold, which was confiscated by the British.[16] The British kept that money to pay for the alleged "looting" of British property in Kashgar by Ma's troops, but eventually sent the money "back" to Sheng Shicai's regime.[17] He was briefly detained by the British, then took a steamer from Calcutta back to China--specifically Qinghai province--in 1938.[18] British telegrams from India in 1937 said that Tungans like Ma Zhongying and Ma Hushan had reached an agreement with the Soviets, whom they had previously fought, that since the Japanese had begun full-scale warfare with China, that Tungans led by Ma Hushan would help Chinese forces battle Japan, and that he would return to Gansu.[19][20] Sven Hedin wrote that Ma Hushan would "certainly obey the summons" to join the Chinese side against Japan in the war.[21]Kuomintang Islamic insurgency in China (1950–58){{main|Kuomintang Islamic insurgency}}Ma led the Kuomintang Islamic insurgency in China from 1950 to 1958 against the PLA from 1950–54 using guerrilla tactics. He was captured in 1954 and executed at Lanzhou.[22][23] References1. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iE-AAAAIAAJ&dq=ma+hu-shan&q=Deputy+Divisional+Commander+of+the+36th+Division+|title=Islam in China|author=M. Rafiq Khan|year=1963|publisher=National Academy|location=Delhi|isbn=|page=63|accessdate=28 June 2010}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Andrew D. W.|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia|publisher=CUP Archive|year=1986|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm |title=The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911–1949 |last=Dickens |first=Mark |publisher=Oxus Communications |accessdate=18 November 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023203643/http://www.oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm |archivedate=23 October 2008 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Ahmad Kamal|title=Land Without Laughter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 August 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-01005-9|pages=164–}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC&pg=PA395&dq=ma+hu-shan+victories#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the Ccontemporary Period: From the Mid-Nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century|author1=Chahryar Adle |author2=Madhavan K. Palat |author3=Anara Tabyshalieva |year=2005|publisher=UNESCO|location=|isbn=92-3-103985-7|page=395|accessdate=28 October 2010}} 6. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=Charkhlik+ma+hu-shan#v=snippet&q=Charkhlik%20uighur%20rising%20put%20down%20by%20the%20tungans&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|author=Andrew D.W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=134|accessdate=28 June 2010}} 7. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGUyAAAAIAAJ&q=In+1937+when+Gillett+visited+these+oases,+they+were+under+the+iron+yoke+of+their+fellow-religionists,+the+Tungans;+and+Ma+Hu-shan,+the+Tungan+rebel+leader,+had+his+headquarters+in+Khotan.+The+Tungans,+however,+were+soon&dq=In+1937+when+Gillett+visited+these+oases,+they+were+under+the+iron+yoke+of+their+fellow-religionists,+the+Tungans;+and+Ma+Hu-shan,+the+Tungan+rebel+leader,+had+his+headquarters+in+Khotan.+The+Tungans,+however,+were+soon|title=Delhi-Chungking: a travel diary|author=Kumara Padmanabha Sivasankara Menon|year=1947|publisher=Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location=|page=103|isbn=|accessdate=9 June 2011}}[https://books.google.com/books?ei=gX3yTcXFJYTAtgepq5XkBg&ct=result&id=aGUyAAAAIAAJ&dq=Even+in+the+carpet+factory+which+we+visited+this+morning+the+workers+were+singing%2C+or+humming+tunes.+The+people+of+the+Khotan+region+have+always+been+fond+of+sensual+pleasures.+They+have+been+charged+with+a+certain+laxity+of+morals&q=carpet+factory] 8. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=ma+hushan#v=snippet&q=anti%20japanese%20slogans&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|author=Andrew D.W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|page=130|accessdate=28 June 2010}} 9. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULrtAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+bu-fang+the+governor+has+not+seen&q=ma+bu-fang+|title=Forbidden journey: from Peking to Kashmir|author=Ella Maillart|year=2003|publisher=Northwestern University Press|edition=illustrated|location=|isbn=0-8101-1985-4|page=230|accessdate=28 June 2010}} 10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=carpets+commissioned+by+ma+hu-shan#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|author=Andrew D.W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=131|accessdate=28 June 2010}} 11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUfWAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+hu-shan+carpets&q=hu-shan|title=Hali, The International Magazine of Antique Carpet and Textile Art, Issues 135–137|year=2004|publisher=Oguz Press|location=|page=69|isbn=|accessdate=9 June 2011}}[https://books.google.com/books?ei=iWryTaXoOI25twfen6SeAw&ct=result&id=pUfWAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+hu-shan+carpets&q=ma+hu-shan][https://books.google.com/books?id=pUfWAAAAMAAJ&q=All+said+that+the+small+blue+carpets+were+actually+commissioned+by+General+Ma+Hu-Shan.+the+brother-+in-law+of+Ma+Chung-Yin,+and+were+woven+in+Khotan.+not+Kashgar.+In+Xingjiang+Carpet+History+in+Brief,+edited+by+Jia+Ying+and+Zhang&dq=All+said+that+the+small+blue+carpets+were+actually+commissioned+by+General+Ma+Hu-Shan.+the+brother-+in-law+of+Ma+Chung-Yin,+and+were+woven+in+Khotan.+not+Kashgar.+In+Xingjiang+Carpet+History+in+Brief,+edited+by+Jia+Ying+and+Zhang&hl=en&ei=R33yTZhmycSBB_rusbgL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA] 12. ^{{cite book|author=Ahmad Kamal|title=Land Without Laughter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA163#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 August 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-01005-9|pages=163–}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=Ahmad Kamal|title=Land Without Laughter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 August 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-01005-9|pages=164–}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Ahmad Kamal|title=Land Without Laughter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA327#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 August 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-01005-9|pages=327–}} 15. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5HtAAAAMAAJ&dq=soviets+defeated+by+tungans&q=ma+ho-san|title=The Silk Road: Ten Thousand Miles Through Central Asia|author=Sven Hedin|year=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=|isbn=1-84511-898-7|page=309|accessdate=28 June 2010}} 16. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmKQAAAAMAAJ&q=In+1937,+following+on+the+Mahometan+rebellion+which+had+been+proceeding+in+Southern+Sinkiang,+a+Chinese+Moslem+(or+%22+Tungan+%22)+general+named+Ma+Hu-shan,+fled+from+Chinese+Turkestan+to+India,+taking+with+him+some+thousands+of+ounces+of&dq=In+1937,+following+on+the+Mahometan+rebellion+which+had+been+proceeding+in+Southern+Sinkiang,+a+Chinese+Moslem+(or+%22+Tungan+%22)+general+named+Ma+Hu-shan,+fled+from+Chinese+Turkestan+to+India,+taking+with+him+some+thousands+of+ounces+of|title=British documents on foreign affairs—reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print: From 1940 through 1945. Asia, Part 3|author=Great Britain. Foreign Office|year=1997|publisher=University Publications of America|location=|isbn=1-55655-674-8|page=401|accessdate=28 October 2010}} 17. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ5WAAAAYAAJ&dq=Tungan+refugees+in+Srinagar+and+compensating+some+of+the+British+subjects+resident+in+Kashgaria+for+looting+by+Ma+Hu-shan+and+his+men+before+they+took+flight+to+India.+38.+The+trade+across+the+Karakoram+Pass+was+of+no+great+value&q=ma+hu-shan+looting|title=Kashmir: a disputed legacy, 1846–1990|author=Alastair Lamb|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=3, reprint|location=|page=80|isbn=0-19-577423-X|accessdate=9 June 2011}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ5WAAAAYAAJ&q=Tungan+refugees+in+Srinagar+and+compensating+some+of+the+British+subjects+resident+in+Kashgaria+for+looting+by+Ma+Hu-shan+and+his+men+before+they+took+flight+to+India.+38.+The+trade+across+the+Karakoram+Pass+was+of+no+great+value&dq=Tungan+refugees+in+Srinagar+and+compensating+some+of+the+British+subjects+resident+in+Kashgaria+for+looting+by+Ma+Hu-shan+and+his+men+before+they+took+flight+to+India.+38.+The+trade+across+the+Karakoram+Pass+was+of+no+great+value&hl=en&ei=8n7yTZCgOJKugQf_g53mCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] 18. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=ma+hu-shan#v=onepage&q=ma%20hu-shan%20calcutta&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|author=Andrew D.W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=143|accessdate=28 June 2010}} 19. ^{{cite book|volume=|title=The Silk Road|edition=|year=1973|quote=Sino-Japanese hostilities,. . . and the Tungan military leaders. . . are now preparing to support the Chinese forces. . .Gen. Ma Chung-yin. . . is proceeding to Kansu to assist the Chinese . . .His half-brother, Gen. Ma Ho-san, who recently fled to Calbutta when the Tungan rebellion collapsed, has also been invited to assist the Chinese. His departure for Kansu is regarded as a certainty. . .The other Tungan general who is mentioned in the telegram from Delhi, the cavalry commander Ma Ho-san, who is not Ma Chung-yin's brother, though probably a relative, is also mentioned in Big Horse's Flight.|accessdate=18 January 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdgOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA308&dq=beg+tungan+cavalry#v=onepage&q=beg%20tungan%20cavalry&f=false|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|page=308|isbn=}} 20. ^{{cite book|volume=|title=The Silk Road: Ten Thousand Miles Through Central Asia|author=Sven Hedin|edition=reprint, illustrated|year=2009|quote=The other Tungan general who is mentioned in the telegram from Delhi, the cavalry commander Ma Ho-san--who was not Ma Chung-yin's brother, though probably a relative--is also mentioned in Big Horse's Flight.|accessdate=18 January 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5HtAAAAMAAJ&dq=beg+tungan+cavalry&q=telegram+delhi+brother+relative|publisher=I. B. Tauris|location=|page=308|isbn=1-84511-898-7}} 21. ^{{cite book|volume=|title=The Silk Road|edition=|year=1973|quote=And now the Delhi telegram says that Ma Ho-san, in Calcutta, has received an invitation to go to Kansu and support the Chinese, and that he will certainly obey the summons.|accessdate=18 January 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdgOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA308&dq=beg+tungan+cavalry#v=onepage&q=certainly%20obey&f=false|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|page=309|isbn=}} 22. ^{{cite book|url=|title=The Imam's Story|author=Hao-jan Kao|year=1960|publisher=Green Pagoda Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=|pages=95, 97, 106}} 23. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=ma+hu-shan#v=snippet&q=ma%20hu-shan%20career%20petty%20captured%20executed%20lanchow%20in%201954&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|author=Andrew D.W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=310|accessdate=28 June 2010}} External links
13 : History of Xinjiang|Hui people|Republic of China warlords from Gansu|National Revolutionary Army generals from Gansu|Ma clique|Chinese Nationalist military figures|Members of the Kuomintang|Chinese anti-communists|20th-century executions by China|1910 births|1954 deaths|Executed Republic of China people|Executed people from Gansu |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。