词条 | Laws of robotics |
释义 |
Laws of Robotics are a set of laws, rules, or principles, which are intended as a fundamental framework to underpin the behavior of robots designed to have a degree of autonomy. Robots of this degree of complexity do not yet exist, but they have been widely anticipated in science fiction, films and are a topic of active research and development in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence. The best known set of laws are those written by Isaac Asimov in the 1940s, or based upon them, but other sets of laws have been proposed by researchers in the decades since then. Isaac Asimov's "Three Laws of Robotics"{{main|Three Laws of Robotics}}The best known set of laws are Isaac Asimov's "Three Laws of Robotics". These were introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround", although they were foreshadowed in a few earlier stories. The Three Laws are:
Near the end of his book Foundation and Earth, a zeroth law was introduced: 0. A robot may not injure humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm. Adaptations and extensions exist based upon this framework. As of 2011 they remain a "fictional device".[2] EPSRC / AHRC principles of roboticsIn 2011, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) of Great Britain jointly published a set of five ethical "principles for designers, builders and users of robots" in the real world, along with seven "high-level messages" intended to be conveyed, based on a September 2010 research workshop:[2][3][4]
The messages intended to be conveyed were:
The EPSRC principles are broadly recognised as a useful starting point. In 2016 Tony Prescott organised workshop to revise these principles, e.g. to differentiate ethical from legal principles.[5] Judicial developmentAnother comprehensive terminological codification for the legal assessment of the technological developments in the robotics industry has already begun mainly in Asian countries.[6] This progress represents a contemporary reinterpretation of the law (and ethics) in the field of robotics, an interpretation that assumes a rethinking of traditional legal constellations. These include primarily legal liability issues in civil and criminal law. Satya Nadella's lawsIn June 2016, Satya Nadella, a CEO of Microsoft Corporation at the time, had an interview with the Slate magazine and roughly sketched five rules for artificial intelligences to be observed by their designers:[7][8]
Tilden's "Laws of Robotics"Mark W. Tilden is a robotics physicist who was a pioneer in developing simple robotics.[9] His three guiding principles/rules for robots are:[9][10][11]
What is notable in these three rules is that these are basically rules for "wild" life, so in essence what Tilden stated is that what he wanted was "proctoring a silicon species into sentience, but with full control over the specs. Not plant. Not animal. Something else."[12] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Asimov|first=Isaac|title=I, Robot|date=1950}} {{Robotics}}2. ^1 {{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jon|title=Ready for the robot revolution?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15146053|accessdate=2011-10-03|newspaper=BBC News|date=2011-10-03}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Principles of robotics: Regulating Robots in the Real World|url=http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/research/ourportfolio/themes/engineering/activities/principlesofrobotics/|publisher=Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council|accessdate=2011-10-03}} 4. ^{{cite web|last=Winfield|first=Alan|title=Five roboethical principles – for humans|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028111.100-five-roboethical-principles--for-humans.htm|publisher=New Scientist|accessdate=2011-10-03}} 5. ^{{cite journal|first=|last2=|first2=|date=2017|year=|title=Legal vs. ethical obligations – a comment on the EPSRC’s principles for robotics|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MLLLVE|journal=Connection Science|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1080/09540091.2016.1276516|via=|author=Müller, Vincent C.}} 6. ^bcc.co.uk: Robot age poses ethical dilemma. Link 7. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/06/microsoft_ceo_satya_nadella_humans_and_a_i_can_work_together_to_solve_society.html|title=The Partnership of the Future|last=Nadella|first=Satya|date=2016-06-28|newspaper=Slate|issn=1091-2339|access-date=2016-06-30}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/29/12057516/satya-nadella-ai-robot-laws|title=Satya Nadella's rules for AI are more boring (and relevant) than Asimov's Three Laws|last=Vincent|first=James|date=2016-06-29|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=2016-06-30}} 9. ^1 {{cite news| url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.09/tilden.html?pg=1&topic= | work=Wired | first=Fred | last=Hapgood | title=Chaotic Robotics | issue = 2.09 | date = September 1994}} 10. ^Ashley Dunn. "Machine Intelligence, Part II: From Bumper Cars to Electronic Minds" The New York Times 5 June 1996. Retrieved 26 July 2009. 11. ^makezine.com: A Beginner's Guide to BEAM (Most of the article is subscription-only content.) 12. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.09/tilden.html?pg=2&topic= | work=Wired | first=Fred | last=Hapgood | title=Chaotic Robotics (continued) | issue = 2.09 | date = September 1994}} 1 : Laws of robotics |
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