词条 | League of Women Voters |
释义 |
| name = League of Women Voters of the United States | logo = | type = Political advocacy | founded_date = February 14, 1920 | founder = Carrie Chapman Catt | location = Washington, D.C. | origins = | key_people = Chris Carson (President)[1] | area_served = | product = | focus = Political action, civic engagement | method = | revenue = $4,647,062 (2014)[2] | endowment = | num_volunteers = | num_employees = | num_members = | subsid = | owner = | Non-profit_slogan = "Making Democracy Work" | homepage = {{URL|lwv.org|LWV.org}} | dissolved = | footnotes = }} The League of Women Voters (LWV) is an American civic organization that was formed to help women take a larger role in public affairs after they won the right to vote. It was founded in 1920 to support the new women suffrage rights and was a merger of National Council of Women Voters, founded by Emma Smith DeVoe, and National American Woman Suffrage Association, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, approximately six months before the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution gave women the right to vote. The League of Women Voters began as a "mighty political experiment" aimed to help newly enfranchised women exercise their responsibilities as voters. Originally, only women could join the league; but in 1973 the charter was modified to include men. LWV operates at the local, state, and national level, with over 1,000 local and 50 state leagues, and one territory league in the U.S. Virgin Islands.[3] The League of Women Voters is officially nonpartisan—it neither supports nor opposes candidates or parties. It does, however, support a variety of progressive public policy positions, including campaign finance reform, universal health care, abortion rights, climate change action and environmental regulation, and gun control.[3][4] HistoryIn 1909, Emma Smith DeVoe proposed at the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) convention in Seattle that a separate organization be created to educate women on election processes and lobby for favorable legislation on women's issues. When her proposal was ignored, DeVoe founded the National Council of Women Voters in 1911. She recruited western suffragists and organizations to join the league.[5][6] Ten years later, prior to the 1919 Convention of the NAWSA (in St. Louis, Missouri), Carrie Chapman Catt began negotiating with DeVoe to merge her organization with a new league that would be the successor to the NAWSA. Catt was concerned that DeVoe's alignment with the more radical Alice Paul might discourage conservative women from joining the National Council of Women Voters and thus proposed formation of a new league. As fifteen states had already ratified the 19th Amendment, the women wanted to move forward with a plan to educate women on the voting process and shepherd their participation. Though not all members of either organization were in favor of a merger, a motion was made at the 1919 NAWSA convention to merge the two organizations into a successor, the National League of Women Voters. The merger was officially completed on 6 January 1920, though for the first year the league operated as a committee of the NAWSA.[7][8][9] The formal organization of the League was drafted at the 1920 Convention held in Chicago.[10] ActivitiesThe LWV sponsored the United States presidential debates in 1976, 1980 and 1984.[11][12] On October 2, 1988, the LWV's 14 trustees voted unanimously to pull out of the debates, and on October 3 they issued a press release condemning the demands of the major candidates' campaigns. LWV President Nancy Neuman said that the debate format would "perpetrate a fraud on the American voter" and that the organization did not intend to "become an accessory to the hoodwinking of the American public."[13][14] State and local leagues host candidate debates to provide candidates' postions at all levels of government.[15] In 2012, LWV created National Voter Registration Day, a day when volunteers work to register voters and increase participation.[16] The League sponsors voter’s guides including Smart Voter and Voter's Edge, which was launched in collaboration with MapLight.[17] The League, including state and local leagues, runs VOTE411.org, a website that allows voters to input their address and get candidate information tailored to their ballot.[18] Policy viewsThe League lobbied for the establishment of the United Nations, and later became one of the first groups to receive status as a nongovernmental organization with the U.N.[19] The League has opposed voter ID laws and supported efforts at campaign finance reform in the United States.[20] LWV opposed the decision in Citizens United v. FEC.[21][22] The League supports increased regulation of political spending.[23] The League pushed for adoption of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993, which requires states to offer voter registration at all driver's license agencies, at social service agencies, and through the mail.[24][25] The League endorsed passage of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, which banned soft money in federal elections and made other reforms in campaign finance laws.[26][27] LWV supports the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Kyoto Protocol.[28][29] LWV opposes the proposed Keystone Pipeline project.[30] In January 2013, the League of Women Voters in Hawaii urged President Obama to take action on climate change under his existing authority, the Clean Air Act of 1990, which the League supported.[31] The League supports the abolition of the death penalty.[32] LWV supports universal health care and endorses both Medicaid expansion and the Affordable Care Act.[33][34][35] The League supports a general income tax increase to finance national health care reform for the inclusion of reproductive health care, including abortion, in any health benefits package. The League supports abortion rights and strongly opposed the passage of the Partial-Birth Abortion Act.[36][37][38] The League actively opposed welfare reform legislation proposed in the 104th Congress.[39] The League opposes school vouchers.[40] In 1999, LWV challenged a Florida law that allowed students to use school vouchers to attend other schools.[41] The League supports a system for illegal immigrants already in the United States to earn full citizenship. It lobbied for passage of the DREAM Act.[42] The League advocates gun control policies including regulating firearms and supporting licensing procedures for gun ownership by private citizens to include a waiting period for background checks, personal identity verification, gun safety education and annual license renewal.[43] GovernanceA national board of directors consisting of four officers, eight elected directors, and not more than eight board-appointed directors, most of whom reside in the Metro Washington D.C. area, govern the League subject to the Bylaws of the League of Women Voters of the United States. The national board is elected at the national convention and sets position policy.[44] Local Leagues and state Leagues are organized in order to promote the purposes of the League and to take action on local and state governmental matters. These Leagues (chapters) have their own directors and officers. The national board may withdraw recognition from any state or local League for failure to fulfill recognition requirements.[44] Notable members
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/federal-judge-rejects-bid-to-block-proof-of-citizenship-for-new-voters-in-three-states/2016/06/29/bbf8805c-3e3e-11e6-84e8-1580c7db5275_story.html|title=Federal judge rejects bid to block proof of citizenship for new voters in three states|author=|date=June 29, 2016|work=WashingtonPost.com|access-date=April 11, 2017}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=IRS Form 990 2014|url=http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2014/530/115/2014-530115655-0b18358d-9O.pdf|website=GuideStar|publisher=Internal Revenue Service|access-date=4 May 2015}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Carter|first1=Gregg Lee|title=Guns in American Society: A-L|date=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576072684|page=352}} 4. ^{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Amy|title=Broward GOP activists claim "we had the liberal League of Women Voters Guide removed from the Broward Supervisor of Election's website"|url=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2012/dec/03/broward-republican-executive-committee/broward-gop-activists-claim-we-had-liberal-league-/|access-date=February 6, 2015|work=PolitiFact Florida|publisher=Tampa Bay Times|date=December 3, 2012}} 5. ^{{cite web |title=National Council of Women Voters |url=http://www.washingtonhistory.org/research/whc/milestones/aftersuffrage/ncwv/ |website=Washingtonhistory.org |publisher=Washington State Historical Society |accessdate=5 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123131009/http://www.washingtonhistory.org/research/whc/milestones/aftersuffrage/ncwv/ |archivedate=23 November 2018 |location=Tacoma, Washington |date=February 1, 1912}} 6. ^{{cite book |ref=harv |last=DeAngelis |first=Therese |title=Women's Rights on the Frontier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3rTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT67 |year=2014 |publisher=Mason Crest |location=Broomall, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-1-4222-9352-2 |page=67}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Carrie Chapman Catt|url=http://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/carrie-chapman-catt|website=History.com|access-date=May 4, 2015}} 8. ^{{cite book |last=Ross-Nazzal |first=Jennifer M. |title=Winning the West for Women: The Life of Suffragist Emma Smith DeVoe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRex0ocBj6QC&pg=PA163 |date=2011 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle, Washington |isbn=978-0-295-99086-6 |pages=163-165}} 9. ^{{cite book |last=Van Voris |first=Jacqueline |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2SkL2HNuwEC&pg=PA154 |date=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-1-55861-139-9 |page=154}} 10. ^{{cite book |last=Abbott |first=Virginia Clark |title=The History of Woman Suffrage and the League of Women Voters in Cuyahoga County, 1911-1945 |url=http://teachingcleveland.org/history-of-woman-suffrage-and-league-of-women-voters-in-cuyahoga-county-1911-1945-by-virginia-clark-abbott/ |year=1949 |publisher=League of Women Voters |location=Cleveland, Ohio |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205181521/http://teachingcleveland.org/history-of-woman-suffrage-and-league-of-women-voters-in-cuyahoga-county-1911-1945-by-virginia-clark-abbott/ |archivedate=5 February 2019 |oclc=925432053 |page=76}} 11. ^{{cite news|last1=Montopoli|first1=Brian|title=Do the debates unfairly shut out third parties?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/do-the-debates-unfairly-shut-out-third-parties/|access-date=May 4, 2015|publisher=CBS News|date=October 15, 2012}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=Everything you need to know about presidential debate history|url=http://theweek.com/articles/471585/everything-need-know-about-presidential-debate-history|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=The Week|date=October 14, 2012}} 13. ^{{cite news|last1=Shepard|first1=Scott|title=League of Women Voters Pulls Out of Presidential Debate|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1964&dat=19881003&id=IUcjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YcwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6676,4271877&hl=en|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=Palm Beach Post|date=October 3, 1988}} 14. ^{{cite news|last1=Flock|first1=Elizabeth|title=In a First, Debates Give Presidential Candidates the Topics Ahead Of Time|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2012/09/21/in-a-first-debates-give-presidential-candidates-the-topics-ahead-of-time|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|date=September 21, 2012}} 15. ^{{Cite news|url=http://whopam.com/2018/04/12/47194/|title=League of Women Voters election debates coming up|last=Hageman|first=Hannah|work=WHOP 1230 AM {{!}} News Radio|access-date=2018-07-06|language=en}} 16. ^{{cite news|last1=Bouie|first1=Jamelle|title=Nothing to See Here|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2014/09/national_voter_registration_day_the_holiday_republicans_want_you_to_forget.html|access-date=May 4, 2015|publisher=Slate|date=September 23, 2014}} 17. ^{{cite news|last1=Peterson|first1=Karla|title=Where to get info on candidates, issues in Nov. 4 election|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/oct/17/california-nonpartisan-election-guides-san-diego/|access-date=May 4, 2015|publisher=San Diego Union-Tribune|date=October 17, 2014}} 18. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.jconline.com/story/news/opinion/letters/2018/04/27/letter-check-vote-411-org-before-going-polls/558067002/|title=Letter: Check Vote411.org before going to the polls|work=Journal & Courier|access-date=2018-07-06|language=en}} 19. ^{{cite book|last1=Zeiss Strange|first1=Mary|last2=Oyster|first2=Carol|last3=Sloan|first3=Jane|title=Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World, Volume 1|date=2011|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781412976855|page=833}} 20. ^{{cite news|last1=Brucato|first1=Cyndy|title=Republicans, League of Women Voters go at it over Voter ID|url=https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2012/02/republicans-league-women-voters-go-it-over-voter-id|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=MinnPost|date=February 16, 2012}} 21. ^{{cite news|last1=Lefler|first1=Dion|title=Voters group seeks city resolution against Citizens United decision|url=http://www.kansas.com/news/politics-government/article1095782.html|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=Wichita Eagle|date=July 17, 2012}} 22. ^{{cite news|last1=MacNamara|first1=Elisabeth|title=How the League Was Busy Making Democracy Work in 2014|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/elisabeth-macnamara/how-the-league-was-busy-m_b_6390486.html|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=Huffington Post|date=December 29, 2014}} 23. ^{{cite news|last1=Wilson|first1=Megan|title=FEC deadlocked on 'dark money'|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/232582-fec-deadlocked-on-dark-money|accessdate=6 May 2015|publisher=The Hill|date=February 11, 2015}} 24. ^{{cite book|last1=Ford|first1=Lynne|title=Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438110325|page=280}} 25. ^"Representative Government – Voting Rights". Impact on Issues 2016-2018 – Online Edition. League of Women Voters. League Management Site (member resources). forum.lmv.org. Retrieved 2018-03-18. "In May 1993, the years of concerted effort by the League and other organizations paid off when both houses passed and the President signed the National Voter Registration Act.... The 'motor-voter' bill enabled citizens to apply to register at motor vehicle agencies automatically, as well as by mail and at public and private agencies that service the public." 26. ^{{cite news|last1=Curry|first1=Tom|title=Why 'reform' equals more campaign spending|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5758090/ns/politics-tom_curry/t/why-reform-equals-more-campaign-spending/#.VUfh52Yhwt8|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=NBC News|date=August 19, 2004}} 27. ^{{cite book|last1=Malbin|first1=Michael|title=Life After Reform: When the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Meets Politics|date=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780742528338|page=29}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=Environmental Protection and Pollution Control|url=http://lwv.org/content/environmental-protection-and-pollution-control|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914171614/http://lwv.org/content/environmental-protection-and-pollution-control |archive-date=September 14, 2017 |publisher=League of Women Voters|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 29. ^{{cite news|last1=Huse|first1=Carl|title=Voter Group Flexes Muscle in Ads Aimed at Senators|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/us/politics/26league.html|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=May 25, 2011}} 30. ^{{cite news|last1=Savage|first1=Melanie|title=League of Women Voters holds discussion on climate change|url=http://www.courant.com/reminder-news/windham-edition/rnw-wm-p3-climate-change-1024-20141020-story.html|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=Hartford Courant|date=October 20, 2014}} 31. ^{{Cite news|last=Gerhardt|first=Tina|date=9 January 2013|title=70 Groups Send Pres. Obama Letter Urging Action on Climate Change|url=http://www.progressive.org/green-groups-urge-obama-to-act-on-climate-change|work=The Progressive}} 32. ^{{cite news|last1=Dickson|first1=Amelia|title=Bill to abolish death penalty gets hearing|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/bill-to-abolish-death-penalty-gets-hearing/|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=Seattle Times|date=March 6, 2013}} 33. ^{{cite news|last1=Redmond|first1=Pat|title=League of Women Voters support the expansion of Medicaid|url=http://juneauempire.com/letters/2015-04-06/league-women-voters-support-expansion-medicaid|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=Juneau Empire|date=April 6, 2015}} 34. ^{{cite news|last1=Burr|first1=Carol|title=A national necessity|url=https://www.newsreview.com/chico/national-necessity/content?oid=16699645|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=Chico News Review|date=April 9, 2015}} 35. ^{{cite news|last1=Vanzi|first1=Max|title=Women Voters League Accused of Liberal Bias|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-05-05/news/mn-62665_1_league-of-women-voters|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=May 5, 1995}} 36. ^{{cite news|last1=Moses|first1=John|title=Candidate boycotts League of Women Voters debate|url=http://www.jhnewsandguide.com/jackson_hole_daily/local/candidate-boycotts-league-of-women-voters-debate/article_d560d85b-1c22-558e-872c-67dc13f9d436.html|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=Jackson Hole News & Guide|date=July 29, 2014}} 37. ^{{cite web|title=Health Care|url=http://lwv.org/content/health-care|publisher=League of Women Voters|accessdate=4 May 2015}} 38. ^{{cite news|last1=Hoover|first1=Tim|title=League of Women Voters comes under attack as Republicans call it ‘left of center’|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/thespot/2010/03/15/league-of-women-voters-comes-under-attack-as-republicans-call-it-left-of-center/6982/|accessdate=4 May 2015|publisher=Denver Post|date=March 15, 2010}} 39. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.lwv.org/content/meeting-basic-human-needs | title= Meeting Basic Human Needs | publisher=League of Women Voters | accessdate=February 6, 2012}} 40. ^{{cite news|last1=Dunkelberger|first1=Lloyd|title=League's influence felt as special session begins|url=http://politics.heraldtribune.com/2014/08/06/leagues-influence-felt-special-session-begins/|accessdate=6 May 2015|publisher=Herald-Tribune|date=August 6, 2014}} 41. ^{{cite book|last1=Hachiya,|first1=Robert|last2=Shoop|first2=Robert|last3=Dunklee|first3=Dennis|title=The Principal's Quick-Reference Guide to School Law: Reducing Liability, Litigation, and Other Potential Legal Tangles|date=2014|publisher=Corwin Press|isbn=9781483333342|page=47}} 42. ^{{cite web|title=Immigration|url=http://lwv.org/content/immigration|publisher=League of Women Voters|accessdate=6 May 2015}} 43. ^{{cite web|title=Gun Control|url=http://lwv.org/content/gun-control|publisher=League of Women Voters|accessdate=6 May 2015}} 44. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.lwv.org/content/bylaws-and-certificate-incorporation | title=Bylaws and Certificate of Incorporation | date= May 3, 1946 | access-date=February 8, 2012}} 45. ^{{cite journal|title=But One Woman Seeks Election to Legislature - 29 Aug 1926, Sun • Page 18|journal=Oakland Tribune|date=1926|page=18|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13965576/oakland_tribune/|accessdate=24 September 2017}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.humanitiestexas.org/programs/tx-originals/list/jane-y-mccallum|title=Texas Originals - Jane Y. McCallum|website=Humanities Texas|accessdate=13 September 2017}} 47. ^{{cite news|last1=Brereton|first1=Bridget|title=Lenora: activist for women in politics|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Lenora__activist_for_women_in_politics-136711623.html|accessdate=21 October 2017|publisher=Trinidad Express Newspapers|date=4 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306041503/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Lenora__activist_for_women_in_politics-136711623.html|archivedate=6 March 2012|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad}} 48. ^{{cite web|title=Edith Dolan Riley papers, 1876-1965|url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv58477/pdf|accessdate=3 October 2017}} 49. ^[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15146027/zelia_ruebhausen_1958/ "League Studies Recession"] Pittsburgh Press (March 27, 1958): 24. via Newspapers.com{{open access}} 50. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite book|last1=Binheim|first1=Max|last2=Elvin |first2=Charles A. |title=Women of the West: A Series of Biographical Sketches of Living Eminent Women in the Eleven Western States of the United States of America|year=1928|location=Los Angeles |publisher=Publishers Press|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofwestserie00binh|accessdate=August 6, 2017}}{{PD-notice}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|League of Women Voters}}
8 : United States presidential debates|Women's suffrage advocacy groups in the United States|Voter turnout organizations|Organizations established in 1920|American democracy activists|Organizations based in Washington, D.C.|League of Women Voters|Women's organizations based in the United States |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。