| 词条 | Mammillaria spinosissima | ||||
| 释义 |
|image = Mammillaria spinosissima by RO.jpg |image_caption = M. spinosissima var. 'rubrispina' ('Super Red') |genus = Mammillaria |species = spinosissima |authority = (Kuntze) Lem.{{sfn|Integrated Taxonomic Information System (a)}} |synonyms =Mammillaria auricoma Mammillaria pitcayensis Mammillaria pilcayensis Mammillaria centraliplumosa Mammillaria haasii Mammillaria gasterantha Mammillaria crassior Mammillaria virginis }} Mammillaria spinosissima ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|æ|m|ɪ|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə|_|ˌ|s|p|ɪ|n|oʊ|ˈ|s|ɪ|s|ɪ|m|ə}}), also known as spiny pincushion cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae, endemic to the central Mexican states of Guerrero and Morelos, where they grow at elevations of approximately {{convert|1600 to 1900|meter}}. The species was described in 1838 by James Forbes, gardener of the Duke of Bedford. Botanist David Hunt collected a specimen in 1971, when he located one near Sierra de Tepoztlan, Mexico. The cylindrical and elongated plants grow up to {{convert|30|cm}} tall and {{convert|10|cm}} wide. They reach full height after five to ten years. The spines are red-brown or white, with cream-colored radials and pink, funnel-shaped flowers that grow in a ring around the apex of the stem to approximately {{convert|2|cm}} long. It grows low to the ground in solitary or in clusters, and its flowers produce generally bright red berries that are club-shaped, smooth, and juicy.{{clarify|edible?|date=September 2015}} M. spinosissima thrive in well-drained soils that are sandy or loam, with a pH ranging from acidic to neutral. They prefer low humidity and full, filtered sun. Plants are typically watered once every two or three weeks, and kept nearly dry during the winter months. They require no pruning and make good patio and container plants. They are relatively disease resistant, but susceptible to pests such as mealworms. Synonyms of M. spinosissima include Mammillaria centraliplumosa, Mammillaria haasii, and Mammillaria virginis. TaxonomyCarl Linnaeus designated Mammillaria as a type genus for cactus in 1753.{{sfn|Butterworth|Wallace|2004|p=1086}} In 1838, James Forbes, gardener of the Duke of Bedford, listed and described a species he called Echinocactus spinosissimas from a group of cacti he had acquired in Europe three years earlier. Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose believe that Forbes was given that name by Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer, but the plant was actually Mammillaria spinosissima.{{sfn|Britton|Rose|1922|p=179}} Pfeiffer had published the first infrageneric division of Mammillaria in 1837, dividing the genus into two groups based on distinct spine characteristics. In 1845, Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck – based on work by Frederick Scheer – expanded the classification into eight groups. With at least 145 recognized species, it is one of the largest and most morphologically variable genera in the cactus family.{{sfn|Butterworth|Wallace|2004|p=1086}} Others estimate there are as many as two hundred species of Mammillaria, including sixty-two cultivated species from India. Though larger, the Opuntia genera is less popular with gardeners and landscapers.{{sfn|Mattagajasingh|Mukherjee|Das|2006|p=583}} Mammillaria was previously thought to be monophyletic, but phylogenic analysis indicates that Mammilloydia is "embedded within a 'core' group of Mammillaria species."{{sfn|Butterworth|Wallace|2004|p=1086}} A specimen of Mammillaria spinosissima was collected by Botanist David Hunt in September 1971, when he located one in Mexico, near the Morelos Cautla-Cuernavaca toll road in Sierra de Tepoztlan, at an altitude of {{convert|1600|meter}}.{{sfn|Kew Gardens: Herbarium catalogue}} Similar species, subspecies and synonymsSpecies similar to Mammillaria spinosissima include Mammillaria backebergiana and Mammillaria meyranii.{{sfn|Graham|2014|p=105}} Subspecies include M. spinosissima pilcayensis, synonym: Bravo (D. R. Hunt), M. spinosissima tepoxtlana (D. R. Hunt), and M. spinosissima spinosissima (Lem.).{{sfn|Integrated Taxonomic Information System (a)}} Synonyms of M. spinosissima include Mammillaria centraliplumosa (Fittkau), Mammillaria haasii (J. Meyrán), and Mammillaria virginis (Fittkau and Kladiwa).{{sfn|Integrated Taxonomic Information System (b)}} DescriptionMammillaria spinosissima, also known as spiny pincushion cactus, are cylindrical plants that grow up to {{convert|30|cm}} tall and {{convert|10|cm}} wide. They reach full height after five to ten years. The spines are red-brown or white, with cream-colored radials and pink, funnel-shaped flowers that grow in a ring around the apex of the stem to approximately {{convert|2|cm}} long.{{sfn|Royal Horticultural Society}} The relatively small cacti are globular or elongated, and the flowers produce generally bright red berries that are club-shaped, smooth, and juicy.{{sfn|Mattagajasingh|Mukherjee|Das|2006|p=583}} Mammillaria species tend to grow low to the ground in solitary or grouped in clusters. The genus is marked by its dimorphic areoles: the spine bearing, or vegetative, areoles are located on the apex of the tubercle, and flowering areoles are located inside the axils of the tubercles.{{sfn|Butterworth|Wallace|2004|p=1086}} The stem is woolly and covered with bristles.{{sfn|Pienaar|2000|p=221}} Native habitatThe genus Mammillaria{{'s}} native habitat ranges from Colombia and Venezuela to the Southwestern United States. Its diversity is greatest in Mexico.{{sfn|Butterworth|Wallace|2004|p=1086}} Species have also been documented in the West Indies.{{sfn|Mattagajasingh|Mukherjee|Das|2006|p=583}} M. spinosissima is endemic to central Mexico and concentrated in the states of Guerrero and Morelos, where they grow at elevations of approximately {{convert|1600 to 1900|meter}}; they prefer dry, tropical forests and xerophilous scrub.{{sfn|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources}} The subspecies pilcayensis is named for its occurrence in the Barranca de Pilcaya, in Guerrero.{{sfn|Eggli|Newton|2004|p=185}} CultivationBritton and Rose believe that M. spinosissima has been in cultivation since at least 1835.{{sfn|Britton|Rose|1922|p=179}} The species thrives in well-drained soils that are sandy or loam, with a pH that is acidic, alkaline, or neutral. They prefer low humidity, and grow well under glass, with full, filtered sun from the south, north, and east. Plants are typically watered once every couple of weeks, and kept nearly dry during the winter months. Propagation is facilitated by offsets of seeds sown in early spring in {{convert|19 to 24|C-change|0}} weather. They require no pruning and make good patio and container plants. They are disease resistant, but are susceptible to pests such as mealybugs.{{sfn|Royal Horticultural Society}} This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.[1][2] GalleryNotes1. ^{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10843/i-Mammillaria-spinosissima-i/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - Mammillaria spinosissima | accessdate=3 April 2018}} 2. ^{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 63 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 25 March 2018}}
External links
9 : Mammillaria|Cacti of Mexico|Endemic flora of Mexico|North American desert flora|Flora of Guerrero|Plants described in 1891|Flora of Colombia|Flora of Venezuela|Flora of the Southwestern United States |
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