| 释义 |
- History
- Captains
- Final voyage
- Footnotes
- References
- External links
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}{{Infobox ship image| Ship image=Barque Manchester.jpg | Ship caption=Manchester
}}{{Infobox ship career | Hide header= | Ship flag= | Ship name=Manchester | Ship owner=Galgate Shipping Co. | Ship operator=John Joyce & Co. | United Kingdom|civil}} | Ship route=Liverpool-New York-Yokohama-Shanghai | Ship ordered= | Ship builder=William Doxford & Sons, Sunderland, England | Ship original cost=£23000 | Ship yard number=211 | Ship way number= | Ship laid down= | Ship launched=17 December 1891 | Ship completed=March, 1892 | Ship christened= | Ship acquired= | Ship maiden voyage= | Ship identification=*Code Letters MNKL- {{ICS|Mike}}{{ICS|November}}{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Lima}}
| Ship in service= | Ship out of service= | Ship fate=Last spoken 12N/29W 23 September 1900, for Yokohama. Wreckage discovered on Bikar Atoll, Marshall Islands, July, 1901. | Ship status= | Ship notes=Last sailing ship built by Doxford & Sons.
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header= | Header caption= | Ship class= | 2851.1}} | Ship displacement= | 312.7|ft|m|abbr=on}} | 46.8|ft|m|abbr=on}} | Ship height= | 23|ft|m|abbr=on}} | 25.6|ft|m|abbr=on}} | Ship decks=2 | Ship deck clearance= | Ship ramps= | Ship ice class= | Ship sail plan= Barque | Ship power= Sails | Ship propulsion= | Ship speed= | Ship capacity= | Ship crew= 31 | Ship notes=
}} | Manchester was a four-masted, steel-hulled British barque which was wrecked in late 1900 on the reefs of Bikar Atoll, Marshall Islands. HistoryThe Manchester was built at the shipyards of William Doxford & Sons in Sunderland, England in 1892. She was constructed with a steel hull and four masts for Galgate Shipping Company of Liverpool.[1] Despite waning interest in sailing cargo ships, particularly after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the shipbuilders of Doxford & Sons felt there might be continuing interest in full rigged steel barque.They felt time factor was of less importance than creating economy through increased deadweight capacity. However, buyers largely preferred steam ships such as Doxford's own new Turret deck ship designs, and the Manchester was their last sailing ship. Unlike fine lined clipper ships at the height of the age of sail, the Manchester was a broad beamed vessel with deep draught, built for capacity rather than speed.[2] Typical of her voyages was a contract to deliver case oil (kerosene) from New York to Yokohama for Standard Oil, departing 3 September 1899, arriving 7 December 1899.[3] CaptainsJohn Joyce & Co.[4] - 1894, J.C. Dodd [4]
- 1895, J. Belyea [5]
- 1896, D. Evans [6]
- 1897 - 1900, S. Forrest [3]
- 1900 - 1901, N.F. Clemens [3]
Final voyageOn 21 August 1900, the Manchester left New York City for Yokohama, loaded with 4,515 tons of kerosene. There were 30 crew members aboard, plus Captain N. Frank Clemens and his wife and two daughters who were passengers.[7] Based on the length of her and other barques' previous voyages, the Manchester might have been expected to reach Yokohama in January or February 1901, but she never arrived.[8][3] Her disappearance was reported to Lloyds, and she was assumed to be lost in a typhoon.[7] In July 1901, a Marshall Islands trading schooner discovered wreckage of the Manchester on Bikar Atoll. Footprints and marks of two boat keels on the sand, together with other signs, suggested that the crew, Clemens, and his family had been on the island and, unable to find sufficient water had pushed off again. It was supposed that they died of thirst before reaching inhabited islands.[7] An estimation of the remaining sailing time to reach Yokohama might have dated the shipwreck to late December 1900 or early January 1901. Given that ship's boats keel marks and foot prints were still visible in the sand in July, the crew may have been marooned for six months, departing a few days before the arrival of the trading schooner. A maritime board of inquiry assembled in Liverpool on 16 and 17 October 1901, to investigate the circumstances of the loss of the Manchester. The evidence suggested that the ship was in good seaworthy condition, had adequate crew, and was properly loaded and ballasted. The board was unable to conclude what caused the loss of the vessel.[3] It was evidently unaware of the discovery of the wreckage, reported in the New York Times two days earlier. Footnotes1. ^The Northeast Communigate, UK
2. ^Sunderland Echo, UK
3. ^1 2 3 4 House of Lords, The Sessional Papers, 1903
4. ^1 Mystic Museum Ship Register, 1894
5. ^Mystic Museum Ship Register, 1895
6. ^Mystic Museum Ship Register, 1896
7. ^1 2 The New York Times, 14 October 1901
8. ^The Straits Times, 25 March 1902
References- {{Cite book|title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping|place=London, England, UK|publisher=Lloyd's Register - Fairplay|year=1899|volume=Vol. 2, Sailing Vessels|page=103|quote=Ship's code and measurements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXGiryWdFiAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=lloyd's+register+of+ships&hl=en&ei=DCb6S73FOIXENv3N3YMI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=lloyds}}
- {{Cite book|title=The Sessional Papers, Printed By Order Of The House Of Lords, Session 1903|place=London, England, UK|publisher=|year=1903|volume=8|pages=330–332|quote=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCBcAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA330&dq=manchester+yokohama+merchant+shipping+act+1894+house+of+lords&lr=&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=lords}}
- {{cite news |title=The "Condor" |newspaper=The Straits Times|date=25 March 1902|location=National Library Singapore, Lee Kong Chian Reference Library|page=3|url=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19020325.2.11.aspx|ref=straitstimes}}
- {{cite news |title=News of the Manchester|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 October 1901|page=3|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/14/101083096.pdf|ref=nytimes}}
- {{cite web |url=http://www.sunderlandecho.com/daily/Kings-of-the-River.1896695.jp|title=Kings of the River|author= |date=24 November 2006|work= |publisher=Sunderland Echo|accessdate=24 May 2010|ref=sunderland}}
- {{cite web|url=http://www.communigate.co.uk/ne/pallionshipyard/index.phtml|title=Pallion Shipyard, Sunderland - Introduction and Early History|author=|date=|work=|publisher=The Northeast Communigate|accessdate=24 May 2010|ref=communigate|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924174011/http://www.communigate.co.uk/ne/pallionshipyard/index.phtml|archivedate=24 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}
- {{cite web |title=Mystic Museum Ship Register, 1894|url=http://library.mysticseaport.org/initiative/SPSearch.cfm?ID=542822|publisher=Mystic Seaport Museum|work=Digital Initiative|accessdate=24 May 2010|ref=mystic1}}
- {{cite web |title=Mystic Museum Ship Register, 1895|url=http://library.mysticseaport.org/initiative/SPSearch.cfm?ID=155287|publisher=Mystic Seaport Museum|work=Digital Initiative|accessdate=24 May 2010|ref=mystic2}}
- {{cite web |title=Mystic Museum Ship Register, 1896|url=http://library.mysticseaport.org/initiative/SPSearch.cfm?ID=558853|publisher=Mystic Seaport Museum|work=Digital Initiative|accessdate=24 May 2010|ref=mystic3}}
External links- Manchester overview
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20100924174011/http://www.communigate.co.uk/ne/pallionshipyard/index.phtml Retrospective of Sunderland shipyards]
- Ships plans
- Wreck report in transcription and PDF format
{{1900 shipwrecks}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Manchester}} 7 : 1892 ships|Ships built on the River Wear|Barques|Merchant ships of the United Kingdom|Maritime incidents in 1900|Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean|Ships lost with all hands |