| 词条 | Mangapu River |
| 释义 |
| name = Mangapu River | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = Waipa River | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = New Zealand | length = {{convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = }} The Mangapu River is a river of the Waikato Region of New Zealand's North Island. It has its sources in numerous streams which flow generally northwards from the King Country south of Te Kuiti, the longest of which is the Mangaokewa Stream. These streams join to form the Mangapu close to Te Kuiti, and from here the river flows north, passing close to the east of Waitomo Caves, where the Mangapu caves have the largest entrance in the North Island[1] (about {{Convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep),[2] before flowing into the Waipa River at Otorohanga.[3] SH3 crosses the river on a {{Convert|111|m|ft|abbr=on}} bridge near Otorohanga built in 1966[4] and near Hangatiki on a {{Convert|41|m|ft|abbr=on}} concrete bridge built in 1977.[5] The railway follows the east bank for about {{Convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}}, crossing only small tributaries,[6] though it did suffer from flooding, for example in 1905.[7]The river at Otorohanga is classed as being in the worst 25% of similar sites as regards all measured pollutants,[8] though some attempts are being made at restoration.[9] Pehitawa Kahikatea Forest ReserveThe reserve {{Convert|18.5|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of kahikatea forest on the east bank of the river, was purchased by the Native Forests Restoration Trust in 2001. Kahikatea forest once covered {{Convert|41000|ha|acre|abbr=on}} in the Waipa Ecological District, now reduced to {{Convert|158|ha|acre|abbr=on}}, of which {{Convert|52|ha|acre|abbr=on}} are in the Mangapu valley, though over {{Convert|70|ha|acre|abbr=on}} has been felled since 1975.[10] A major drainage scheme was carried out just upstream from the reserve in the 1930s, including emptying of a lake.[11] The forest floods in winter[12] and flood protection would be uneconomic.[13] Some kahikatea in the reserve are about 120 years old. The reserve also has swamp maire, matai, titoki and pukatea.[10] Te Araroa long distance walkway passes through the reserve and crosses the river on a suspension bridge.[14] See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/WRC/Council/Policy-and-Plans/HR/S32/Part-A/Department-of-Conservation-2014.-Conservation-Management-Strategy-Waikato-20142024-Volume-I-Operative-29-September-2014.-New-Zealand.pdf|title=CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGY WAIKATO 2014–2024, Volume I|last=|first=|date=29 September 2014|website=|publisher=Department of Conservation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://bts.nzpcn.org.nz/bts_pdf/Well_1987_43__3-6.pdf|title=The Flora of the Lost World Cavern, Mangapu Caves System|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 3. ^{{LINZ|39558|Mangapu River|2010-04-21}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://his.aucklandmotorways.net/PDFs//WAIKATO/00006_469_WAIKATO_PSMC006_003_6.pdf|title=Highway Information sheet 003-0057|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://his.aucklandmotorways.net/PDFs//WAIKATO/00007_470_WAIKATO_PSMC006_003_7.pdf|title=Highway Information sheet 003-0063|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz56817/Mangapu-River/Waikato|title=Mangapu River, Waikato - NZ Topo Map|website=NZ Topo Map|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?BU=http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/HeritageImages/index.htm&AC=QBE_QUERY&TN=heritageimages&QF0=ID&NP=2&MR=5&RF=HIORecordSearch&QI0==%22AWNS-19051109-15-6%22|title=FLOOD WATERS RUNNING THROUGH A BLOCK CUTTING ON THE RAILWAY BETWEEN HANGATIKI AND OTOROHANGA|last=|first=|date=9 November 1905|website=www.aucklandcity.govt.nz|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-02-04}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/waikato-region/river-quality/waikato-river/mangapu-river-at-otorohanga/|title=Land, Air, Water Aotearoa - Mangapu River at Otorohanga|last=|first=|date=|website=www.lawa.org.nz|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-02-04}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.makearipple.co.nz/Action-groups/ripples/Mangapu-River-Riparian-Restoration/|title=The Ripple Effect|website=www.makearipple.co.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2017-02-04}} 10. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.nfrt.org.nz/reserves/pehitawa-kahikatea-forest/|title=Pehitawa Kahikatea Forest - Native Forest Restoration Trust|last=|first=|date=|website=www.nfrt.org.nz|publisher=|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-02-04}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19321108.2.135|title=BIG DRAINAGE SCHEME (New Zealand Herald, 1932-11-08)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|publisher=National Library of New Zealand|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-02-04}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.waikatoriver.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/TECHNICAL-SUMMARY-FINAL-MARCH-2016.pdf|title=2016 Pilot Waikato River Report Card: Methods and Technical Summary|last=|first=|date=March 2016|website=|publisher=Waikato River Authority|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/PageFiles/22974/Waipa_Zone_Plan.pdf|title=Waipa Zone Management Plan|last=|first=|date=April 2012|website=|publisher=Waikato Regional Council Policy Series 2011/17|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.teararoa.org.nz/waikato/pehitawa-track/|title=Pehitawa Track:Te Araroa - New Zealand's Trail - Waikato / King Country|website=www.teararoa.org.nz|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04}} External links
2 : Waitomo District|Rivers of Waikato |
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