| 词条 | Manggarai people |
| 释义 |
|group = Manggarai people Ata Manggarai |image = |caption = A Manggarai family. |population = 725,000[1] |popplace = Flores Island: {{flag|Indonesia}} (East Nusa Tenggara) |langs = Manggarai language (including Rongga language), Indonesian language |rels = Christianity (predominantly), Islam, Ancestral worship |related = Lamaholot people }} The Manggarai are an ethnic group found in western Flores in the East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. Manggarai people are spread across three districts in the province, namely the West Manggarai Regency, Manggarai Regency and East Manggarai Regency. EtymologyThe Manggarai people sometimes refer to themselves as Ata Manggarai, which means "people of Manggarai".[2] SettlementsManggarai people are the aboriginal population of the island of Flores. Manggarai settlements cover over 6,700 square kilometers, almost a third of Flores Island.[3] HistoryAccording to historical records, they have been occupied alternately by other tribes such as the Bima people from the island of Sumbawa and the Makassar people from Sulawesi island, Indonesia. As of the late 20th century, there are about 500,000 Manggarai people.[4] Early state formations of the Manggarai in the 17th century had their first king of Minangkabau descent from the Sultanate of Gowa, Makassar; which led to the spread of Islam on the island of Flores most likely through trading sea-route.[5] In 1727, the Manggarai region was given to the Bima Sultanate as a dowry when a Makassarese princes was married into the Bima royalty.[6] In 1929, the Western part of Flores was separated from the Bima Sultanate.[7] Then, followed by the invasion of the Dutch colonialists in the 20th century and the subsequent Christianization of Manggarai. LanguageThe language spoken throughout the region is called Tombo Manggarai, a language with around 43 sub-dialects divided into 5 dialect groups which is very distinct from the languages of ethnic groups to the east and from Indonesian.[8] The 5 dialect groups are Western Manggarai, Central West Manggarai, Central Manggarai, East Manggarai and Far East Manggarai. The latter, separated from other dialects by the Rembong language, is distributed in the north-central part of the island of Flores. It is spoken by about 300,000 people.[3] There are also native speakers of the Rongga language (there are about 5,000 of them) living in three settlements in the southern part of the East Manggarai Regency. This language is not singled out even by most of Manggarai people themselves, because it is considered as part of the Manggarai language.[9] CultureReligionManggarai people living in the west, profess Sunnism (their number is approximately 33,898 people).[10] The eastern Manggarai in the region of Borong are Catholics (more than 90% of the Manggarai people are Catholics)[11] and the population of the central part of the island adheres to traditional beliefs. Traditional beliefs of settlements in the central part of the island include the cult of the supreme creator god, Mori Karaeng, a form of ancestral worship.[12] Massive celebrations are held by the priest to sacrifice buffalos (ata Mbeki), which are accompanied by ritual dances and battles between the two parties of men in military garb.[13] RitualsThe Manggarai people are known to have series of ritual as a thanksgiving for the life that has been given to them to live in a certain time period. Among others are:-[14]
Traditional clothingInitially, the traditional clothing consist of two pieces of fabric, reinforced in front and behind with a cord at the waist and hips. Modern clothing are of the same type as mainstream Indonesian. Fighting artsManggarai people also have a traditional folk sport and war dance called caci, a form of whip fighting where fighting and parrying each other using a whip and a shield is usually performed by two young men in a large field. Caci performance usually begins with Danding dance performances, before the caci warriors display their abilities to hit and parry in the competition. The dance is commonly referred to as Tandak Manggarai, a dance performed on stage to predict the outcome of the Caci competition.[14] Society and lifestyleThe early state formations of the Manggarai are subdivided into 39 chiefdoms, called dalu, which in turn split into smaller administrative units that are known as beo and glarang (beo corresponds to the traditional rural community). At the head of the dalu is controlled by one of the localized patriarchate clan (wa'u), that ascended from the first settlers.[20] Family relationships are based on the patrilineal line. The Manggarai people recognizes several types of marriages such as matrilateral cross-cousin marriage, Levirate marriage, Sororate marriage, a marriage between the offspring of two sisters that marries the sons of two brothers, and so on.[21] Most monogamous family are formed by Christians, and small groups among Muslims and adherents of traditional beliefs allows Polygyny. The Manggarai people to this day are divided into three social groups namely, aristocrats (kraeng),[22] community members (ata-leke) and descendants of slaves.[23] The traditional settlement has a circular layout, and the modern (beo) is an ordinary one. In the center of the settlement is a round public space on which is a large tree; usually of the Ficus genus and megalithic structures are found.[24] In the past, a settlement could consist of one large house, which could hold up to 200 people.[25] In modern settlements, beo usually has from 5 to 20 homes of round or oval shape on stilts, with a high (about 9 meters) conical roof descending to the ground. In Manggarai settlements, free spaces are paved with huge stones. In the city of Ende, the dead are buried in round holes, which are closed by stones placed on the grave.[26] PoliticsTheir political system is clan-based, led by a chief clan called Todo. This people practices patrilineal descent system, and historically they live in villages of which consists at least two clans.[4] LivelihoodDistribution of handicrafts are such as carving, metalworking and weaving. They also engage in manual tropical farming (they switched from slash-and-burn system to Crop rotation system to grow Upland rice, legumes, vegetables, tobacco, coffee and corn). Animal husbandry is widespread (buffaloes are bred for socially significant animal ceremonies, horses are kept as packs transportation, pigs and chickens). Manggarai people do not hunt nor do they fish.[11] DietaryThe main food is corn porridge with vegetables and pork (which are only consumed by non-Muslim Manggarai people), as well as palm wine (tuak). Rice is served on the table only as a festive meal.[27] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13504/ID |title=Manggarai in Indonesia |publisher=Joshua Project |accessdate=2015-01-17}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Frank M. LeBar & George N. Appell|title=Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar|year=1972|publisher=Human Relations Area Files Press|isbn=08-753-6403-9|page=81}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|author=Darrell T. Tryon|title=Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies|year=1995|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=31-108-8401-1|page=585}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050522/Manggarai |title=Manggarai |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=2017-05-26}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Taufik Abdullah|title=Indonesia: Towards Democracy|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=98-123-0366-9|page=60}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Hitchcock|title=Islam and identity in Eastern Indonesia|year=1996|publisher=University of Hull Press|isbn=08-595-8646-4|page=33}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Karel Steenbrink|title=Catholics in Indonesia, 1808-1942: A Documented History. Volume 2: The Spectacular Growth of a Self Confident Minority, 1903-1942|year=2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-042-5402-1|page=89}} 8. ^Ethnologue: Manggarai 9. ^{{cite book|author=Margaret Florey|title=Endangered Languages of Austronesia|year=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=01-995-4454-9|page=304}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Narendra Singh Bisht & T. S. Bankoti|title=Encyclopaedia of the South East Asian Ethnography|year=2004|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=81-877-4696-3|page=49}} 11. ^1 {{cite book|editor=James J. Fox|contribution=Monni Adams|title=The Flow of Life: Essays on Eastern Indonesia|year=1980|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=06-743-0675-9|page=49}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=Musée Barbier-Mueller|editor=Douglas Newton|title=Arts of the South Seas: island Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia ; the collections of the Musée Barbier-Mueller|year=1999|publisher=Prestel|isbn=37-913-2092-0|page=103}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=J. A. J. Verheijen|title=Manggarai dan Wujud Tertinggi|year=1991|publisher=LIPI-RUL|isbn=97-982-5800-2|page=145}} 14. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://news.liputan6.com/read/18417/etnis-manggarai-dari-ritual-ke-ritual |title=Etnis Manggarai, dari Ritual ke Ritual |publisher=Liputan6 |accessdate=2015-01-17}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=Maribeth Erb, Carol Faucher & Priyambudi Sulistiyanto|title=Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=11-342-6380-5}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://travel.kompas.com/read/2014/11/07/083116127/Unik.Tradisi.Poka.Kaba.di.Lembah.Kampung.Bumbu |title=Unik, Tradisi "Poka Kaba" di Lembah Kampung Bumbu |author=Markus Makur |editor=I Made Asdhiana |publisher=Kompas |date=7 November 2014 |accessdate=2016-11-01}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/multimedia/2016/05/05/clean-up-ritual-a-la-manggarai-people.html |title=Clean-up ritual a la Manggarai people |author=Markus Makur |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=5 May 2016 |accessdate=2016-11-01}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/destinasi/66744-penti-weki-peso-beo-ritus-pembersihan-dosa-kampung-bagian-ii.html |title=Penti Weki Peso Beo, Ritus Pembersihan Dosa Kampung (Bagian II) |author= |publisher=Berita Satu |date=18 August 2012 |accessdate=2016-11-01}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kompasiana.com/05101988/mengenal-upacara-penti-dalam-budaya-manggarai_550ee528813311842cbc67d4 |title=Mengenal Upacara Penti dalam Budaya Manggarai |author=David Edison |publisher=Kompasiana |date=1 April 2012 |accessdate=2016-11-01}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=M. Junus Melalatoa|title=Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia Jilid L-Z|year=1995|publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan|isbn=|page=518}} 21. ^{{cite book|editor=James J. Fox|contribution=Monni Adams|title=The Flow of Life: Essays on Eastern Indonesia|year=1980|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=06-743-0675-9|pages=54-55}} 22. ^{{cite book|author=Louis Fontijne|editor=Gregory L. Forth|title=Guardians of the Land in Kelimado: Louis Fontijne's Study of a Colonial District in Eastern Indonesia|year=2004|publisher=KITLV|isbn=90-671-8223-0|page=192}} 23. ^{{cite book|author=Musée Barbier-Mueller|editor=Douglas Newton|title=Arts of the South Seas: island Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia ; the collections of the Musée Barbier-Mueller|year=1999|publisher=Prestel|isbn=37-913-2092-0|page=102}} 24. ^{{cite book|author=Robert M. Z. Lawang|title=Stratifikasi sosial di Cancar, Manggarai, Flores Barat tahun 1950-an dan 1980-an|year=2004|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Indonesia|isbn=97-995-1357-X|page=56}} 25. ^{{cite book|editor=Timothy L. Gall & Jeneen Hobby|title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, Volume 4|year=2009|publisher=Gale|isbn=14-144-4892-9|page=608}} 26. ^{{cite book|editor=Ernest Bender|title=Journal of the American Oriental Society, Volume 89, Number 3|year=1969|publisher=Baltimore, JAOS|isbn=08-753-6403-9|page=673}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.journal.unair.ac.id/filerPDF/2008%203%2010%20acromiocristalis_irene_cethi_tyas.pdf |title=Acromiocristalis Population of Pygmy Rampasasa (Manggarai District, Flores Island, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province) |author=Rusyad Adi Suriyanto1, Janatin Hastuti, Neni Trilusiana Rahmawati, Koeshardjono & T. Jacob |publisher=Gadjah Mada University |year=2008 |accessdate=2015-05-29}} External links
1 : Ethnic groups in Indonesia |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。