| 词条 | Manor of Rivington |
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The Manor of Rivington was a manorial estate in Rivington, Lancashire, England that possibly predates the Domesday survey. Before 1212 the Pilkington family owned six oxgangs of land. Over time it became separated in moieties and by the 16th century the Pilkingtons of Rivington Hall owned a 5/8 share. In 1605 the Lathoms of Irlam owned a quarter share and the Shaws 1/8. The Rivington Hall estate was purchased by William Lever in 1900 and compulsorily purchased by Liverpool Corporation Waterworks in 1902, the current owner is United Utilities. Rivington Hall has been leased to the Salmon family since 1953 Rivington HallPilkingtonThomas de Rivington who held land under the Pilkingtons of Pilkington was recorded in a grant of land in 1202.[1] Irvine, who wrote a history of the village in 1904, speculates that the Rivingtons may have been the pre-Conquest owners and were dispossessed in Norman times by the Pilkingtons, possibly by marriage.[2] In 1212 Alexander de Pilkington held in thanage, six oxgangs of land at a rent of 10s payable to King John, and the land was divided between the sons of his uncle or stepfather.[3] Thanage, an Anglo Saxon term, indicates the manor may predate the Domesday survey. Rivington continued to held by the Pilkingtons from the township of the same name until 1290 when Sir Alexander de Pilkington (1225–1291) of gave his lands at Rivington to his second son, Richard as a gift on his marriage to Ellen, daughter of William de Anderton, of Rumworth and Anderton.[4] From then until 1605, Rivington was held by the junior branch of the family. The change of ownership saved the Rivington estate after the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 when Sir Thomas Pilkington of the senior branch lost his estates by royal attainder, after which the thanage rents were collected directly from the tenants by the crown.[3] In 1324, Roger de Pilkington held seven-eighths of the manor at a rent of 8s. 9d. The manor became further divided in this period with Richard de Hulton holding an eighth, the Westleigh and Birkenhead families held a quarter.[3] In an account of the borders of Rivington, Ferneley or New Hall was mentioned in a grant from Robert Pilkington to his son, John and Joan De Heton on their marriage in 1336,[5] and as a wedding gift from Dame Margaret Pilkington in 1476.[6] The best known of the Rivington branch was James Pilkington, born in about 1518, the son of Richard Pilkington and Alice Asshawe. He was the first Protestant Bishop of Durham in 1560 and founded Rivington School in 1566. Robert Pilkington the bishop's grandfather died at Rivington in 1508 having been a lord of the manor for more than 30 years.[7] The division of the manor was illustrated at the 1536 enclosure of manorial waste of 50 acre. The three lords of the manor[3] were Richard Pilkington, who enclosed 13 acre, James Shaw 3 acre, and George Lathom 4 acre. The Priest of Rivington Church was given 30 acre.[8] Litigation about the manor wastes was frequent for the next eight decades.[9] At Rivington the larger Cheshire Acre measure was used until the 20th century. [10] On 1 August 1544, Richard Pilkington transferred the estate to trustees for his lifetime and bound the inheritance of his estate and rights in the manor to benefit his sons and male heirs.[11] On the same day he gave New Hall as a wedding gift to his eldest son George who was born 1506.[11] On the death of Richard Pilkington in 1551, the estate and Pilkington share of the manor passed to George but it was burdened by litigation arising out of the enclosure of the wastes.[11] In 1552 George Pilkington gave New Hall to his mother, Alice, for her lifetime.[11] George Pilkington died in 1597 and his eldest son, Robert, inherited an estate and rights in a manor burdened by debt from litigation. Robert Pilkington's efforts to enclose the waste lands at Rivington made matters worse. By 1601 Robert had risked the estate by using it as surety for a debt of £250 to William Bispham, of London.[12] Robert defaulted in July 1601, and Rivington and other lands passed William Bisham until the debt was settled.[13] On 17 January 1604, as his fortunes declined further, Robert Pilkington agreed a 300-year lease of his share of the manor to James Anderton of Lostock, and paid his brother James to obtain his agreement.[14] Robert Pilkington died aged 45 in November 1605 without a male heir, having made his will on the previous day. After his death there was more litigation. By the beginning of the 17th century five-eighths was held by the Pilkingtons of Rivington, a quarter by the Lathoms and an eighth by the Shaws.[3] Robert left 25 marks (£16-13-4d) per year to his brother James on condition he did not contest the will to which he had annexed a schedule of his debts. At the inquisition post mortem of Robert Pilkington in 1610, it was stated that, on 6 July 1601 he was seized of the Manor of Rivington held of the Duchy of Lancaster.[15] After Robert Pilkington's death, his executors, including Katharine Pilkington, aided by Christian Anderton of Horwich, straightened his affairs and, on 30 March 1611, agreed the sale of the estate to Robert Lever and Thomas Breres who took on all Robert Pilkington's liabilities amounting to £1730 in exchange for an annual payment or rent charge to James Pilkington during his lifetime. Within the sale agreement, "except and always foreprised out of the grant",[16] New Hall and several fields were left for the benefit of Katherine Pilkington.[17] On a scrap of paper dated 1620 it was recorded that James sold the benefits of the rent charge from the sale of the estate and any claim upon the property to Robert Lever and Thomas Breres' widow, Ellen.[14] BreresIn the inquisition post mortem of Robert Pilkington in 1610, it was stated the Reverend John Breres, a Presbyterian preacher at Rivington Unitarian Chapel, had bought three messuages, one cottage, four gardens, four orchards, and land in August 1603 of which Robert Pilkington was seized in July 1601. The remainder of the estate was sold to Robert Lever and Thomas Breres' brother of John, on 30 March 1611.[18] In 1667, John Breres mentioned in his will that after the death of his uncle Thomas Breres in 1617, he had mortgaged his interest in the estate to the Rev. James Pilkington of Heaton Rhodes, his wife's uncle, and William Pilkington of Wigan, his father in law. William Breres and his wife Martha Gill lived at the Old Hall. William Breres died in 1723 and the estate passed to their son John who sold it in 1729 to John Andrews who had inherited a share from the Levers.[19] Lever of Little LeverRobert Lever of Little Lever near Bolton acquired the estate with Thomas Breres in 1611, having bought the outstanding claims and mortgages. He died in 1620, having given his part of the estate to his youngest son, Robert, a London merchant, in 1617. The Levers were descendants of the Pilkingtons[20] Robert Lever never married and the manor passed to his nephew, another Robert Lever, son of his brother James. Robert Lever had a daughter, Jane, who married John Andrews of Little Lever in 1648. AndrewsIn 1648 Jane Lever married John Andrews of Little Lever Hall, a captain in the Roundhead army during the time of the Commonwealth.[21] John Andrews died in 1678.[22] Jane Andrews inherited the Rivington Hall estate from her father, Robert Lever who died aged 80 in 1688. Her share of the estate passed to her son, John Andrews who married Anne Mort of Wharton Hall, Little Hulton in 1682. Their son, the third John Andrews, born in 1684, married Abigail Crook of Abram.[21] In 1729 he purchased the Breres' share making him sole owner of the Rivington Hall estate.[23]John Andrews died without a male heir in 1743 and the estate passed to his daughter Abigail who married Joseph Wilson of Bolton. Joseph Wilson died in 1765 and the estate reverted to the line of John Andrews' second son, Robert who had married Hannah Crompton in 1712. Their son Joseph Andrews was born in 1715.[24] Robert Andrews died in 1793 and the estate passed to his son, Robert, who created the Andrews Trust of which Rivington was a part. The trust is still in existence today. During Robert Andrews ownership improvements were made to the hall in 1820.[25] Robert Andrews died unmarried in 1858 and the estate passed to his brother, John, who died childless in 1865 and consequently to his sister, Hannah Maria Andrews who married Robert Fletcher of Liverpool. Their daughter Lucy married Woodhouse Crompton in 1834. After the death of Robert Andrews in 1858 his brother, John Andrews took up residence at Rivington Hall during which time his three nieces from Liverpool moved in to attend to his care until his death in 1865. CromptonsOwnership of the estate passed on Robert Andrew's death to John William Crompton who married Margaret Evelyn Leighton in 1853. They took up residence at Fisher House in Rivington where they had five children of which two survived, Andrew born 1869 and their last child, Theodore Evlyn born 1881. The Cromptons moved to Rivington Hall in 1882. John Crompton made many improvements to the estate's cottages and farms including a piped water supply via a large tank at the side of Spring Cottage from where water was piped and by 1890 Rivington Unitarian Chapel also had the benefit of a piped water supply. John Crompton made a bad investment at Red Moss, Horwich and after approaching the trustees, it was decided to sell the estate. William Lever was interested and offered £40,000 but the Cromptons wanted £70,000. After months of negotiations an offer of £60,000 was accepted. As part of the agreement the Cromptons continued to live at the hall for the rest of their lives. Their son Andrew Crompton asked permission to stay on after his parents' deaths but Lever refused. John Crompton died on 23 March 1905 and his wife on 15 February 1910 and Andrew Crompton moved to Garstang.[26] William Lever to the presentIn 1900 John Andrews sold the {{convert|2169|acre|km2}} Rivington Hall estate[27][28] and his interest in the manor to William Lever the founder of Lever Brothers.[3][29] A portion of the estate comprising {{convert|364|acre|km2}} was turned into Lever Park, a public park and was donated by Lever to benefit the people of Bolton. As the result of an Act of Parliament, the Liverpool Corporation Act 1902, Liverpool Corporation Waterworks compulsorily purchased {{convert|1805|acre|km2}} of the estate at a cost of £138,449 and took over the ownership of the park which Lever continued to develop.[30] Lever was able to keep {{convert|45|acre|km2}} for own his use, on condition that it was used for his private residence.[28][31][32] Lever opened a museum of art in Rivington Hall in 1911 but it closed after his death in 1925. His residence and its extensive gardens were sold to the Magee family. By 1939 the residence and land had been acquired by Liverpool Corporation Waterworks and remains in the ownership of its successors, United Utilities.[33] The country park and site of Lever's former home and gardens are managed by the Rivington Heritage Trust on behalf of United Utilities.[28] Rivington Hall has been leased to the Salmon family since 1953.[34] Lathom of IrlamIn 1347 Roger de Westleigh of Irlam, Emma his wife, and Adam de Birkhead of Wigan claimed a fourth part of two messuages in Rivington against Robert de Rivington, Richard his son, and others. Three years earlier, their son Roger, had made a settlement of the fifth part of the manor of Rivington in favour of their son Richard. In the 14th century a quarter of the manor was held by the Westleigh and Birkenhead families. This descended to the Birkenheads and Chisnalls.[3] By the 17th century a quarter was held by the Lathoms of Irlam. In 1640, after the death of Edmund Lathom, the inquisition stated George, the deceased's grandfather, held a quarter of Rivington manor of the Crown and had made a settlement in 1570.[3] George Lathom of Huyton and his wife Elizabeth were engaged in legal action with Richard Pilkington and others in 1549 and 1550, regarding Moldesfield and land in Rivington. Hyefurth House at Deane Head was part of the Lathom estate and the legal action continued until 1614 when Thomas, son of George Lathom, was granted 50 acre in settlement.[35] In 1683 this land was sold by Thomas Lathom of Irelom in association with Thomas Ashurst of Ashurst and Ralph Egerton of Turton, to John Bradley of Rivington for £120, and included messuages, closes and parcels of land in Rivington and 50 acre moiety of waste ground.[36] Bradley's Farmhouse is a listed building. Shaw of Rivington, Heath Charnock and AnglezarkeJohn Shaw married Elizabeth Haydock of High Bullough in Anglezarke, he was a defendant in litigation in 1507, 1528, and 1545 relating to the eighth part of the manor originally held by the Hultons.[3] His grandson, John, married Katherine, sister of Bishop James Pilkington. Robert, son of Thomas Shaw, made a settlement of the eighth part of the manor and other lands in 1606.[3] The Shaw portion was sold to John Risley in 1656 to raise funds for recovery from the English Civil War. Peter Shaw Junior bought back the estate in 1663, selling it some time later and buying it back from John Breres in 1671.[37] Peter Shaw and his son, Thomas, were in debt at the beginning of the 18th century and sold their estate to Hugh Willoughby, 12th Baron Willoughby of Parham. The estate passed to the 15th Baron. In 1765 on the death of Lord Willoughby the estate passed to his sisters, Elizabeth Shaw and Helena Roscoe. Some land in Rivington and Anglezarke was sold. Elizabeth Shaw died in 1787.[37] ReferencesNotes1. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|pp=25–26}} Bibliography{{Refbegin}}2. ^{{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|p=3}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{Harvnb|Farrer|Brownbill|1911|pp=286–294}} 4. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|pp=28–29}} 5. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=213}} 6. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=236}} 7. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=100}} 8. ^{{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|pp=29–30}} 9. ^{{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|p=28 to p33}} 10. ^{{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|p=128}} 11. ^1 2 3 {{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=115}} 12. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=249 B. No. 76}} 13. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=250 B. No. 76}} 14. ^1 {{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=120}} 15. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=251}} 16. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=255}} 17. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=256}} 18. ^{{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|pp=38}} 19. ^{{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|pp=39}} 20. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=96}} 21. ^1 {{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|p=50}} 22. ^{{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|p=40}} 23. ^{{Harvnb|Shaw|1940|p=283}} 24. ^{{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|p=51}} 25. ^{{cite web|last1=Brownlow|first1=Martin|title=The Cromptons Of Rivington Hall|url=http://www.horwichadvertiser.co.uk/1259/The-Cromptons-At-Rivington-Hall.html#.U-06f5RdXXo|website=Horwich Advertiser|accessdate=14 August 2014}} 26. ^{{cite web|last1=Brownlow|first1=Martin|title=The Cromptons Of Rivington Hall|url=http://www.horwichadvertiser.co.uk/1259/The-Cromptons-At-Rivington-Hall.html#.U-06f5RdXXo|website=Horwich Advertiser|accessdate=14 August 2014}} 27. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=188}} 28. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Gardens, History |url=http://www.rivingtonheritagetrust.co.uk/index.php/gardens/history/ |publisher=www.rivingtonheritagetrust.co.uk|accessdate=19 August 2014}} 29. ^{{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|pp=52}} 30. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=189}} 31. ^{{Harvnb|Pilkington|1912|p=189}} 32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/localact1902/pdf/ukla_19020240_en.pdf |title=Liverpool Corporation Act, 1902. |work=Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) |format=PDF |accessdate=24 June 2010}} 33. ^Rivington, M.D Smith 34. ^{{cite web|title=Rivington Hall, About|url=http://www.rivingtonhallbarn.co.uk/|website=Rivington Hall Barn|accessdate=22 September 2014}} 35. ^{{Harvnb|Irvine|1904|p=32}} 36. ^DDX 121/21 16 & 17 May 1683 37. ^1 {{Harvnb|Shaw|1940|pp=133–134}}
2 : Rivington|History of Lancashire |
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