“Manufacturing in Australia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Manufacturing in Australia peaked in the 1960s at 25% of the country's gross domestic product, and has since dropped below 10%.

History

The contribution of manufacturing to Australia's gross domestic product peaked in the 1960s at 25%, and had dropped to 13% by 2001–2^[1] and 10.5% by 2005–6.^[2]

In 2004–05, the manufacturing industry exported products worth $67,400 million, and employed 1.1 million people.^[3]

In 2000–2001, $3.3 billion was spent on assistance to the manufacturing industry, with 40% going to the textile, clothing and footwear industry and the passenger motor vehicle industry.^[4] At that time, manufacturing accounted for 48% of exports, and 45% of Australian research and development.^[1]

In 2007, the breakdown of manufacturing by state, and the fraction of gross state product (GSP) which it contributed, were as follows:^[5]

Between 2001 and 2007, the approximate breakdown by industry changed as follows: ^[5]

Food processing

The food and beverage manufacturing industry is the largest in Australia. The sectors include the following:^[6]

Textile industry

Until trade liberalisation in the mid 1980s, Australia had a large textile industry{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}. This decline continued through the first decade of the 21st century.^[5] Since the 1980s, tariffs have steadily been reduced; in early 2010, the tariffs were reduced from 17.5 percent to 10 percent on clothing, and 7.5–10% to 5% for footwear and other textiles.^[7]

As of 2010, most textile manufacturing, even by Australian companies, is performed in Asia.

Motor vehicles

As of 2008, four companies mass produced cars in Australia.^[9] Mitsubishi ceased production in March 2008, followed by Ford in 2016, and Holden and Toyota in 2017.^[10]

Holden bodyworks are manufactured at Elizabeth, South Australia and engines are produced at the Fishermens Bend plant in Port Melbourne, Victoria. In 2006, Holden's export revenue was just under {{AUD|link=yes}}1.3 billion.^[11] In March 2012, Holden was given a $270 million lifeline by the Australian government. In return, Holden planned to inject over $1 billion into car manufacturing in Australia. They estimated the new investment package would return around $4 billion to the Australian economy and see GM Holden continue making cars in Australia until at least 2022.^[12] However, Holden announced on 11 December 2013 that Holden cars would no longer be manufactured in Australia from the end of 2017.^[13]

Ford has two main factories, both in Victoria: located in the Geelong suburb of Norlane and the northern Melbourne suburb of Broadmeadows. Both plants were closed down in October 2016.

Until 2006, Toyota had factories in Port Melbourne and Altona, Victoria. Since then, all manufacturing has been at Altona. In 2008, Toyota exported 101,668 vehicles worth $1,900 million.^[14] In 2011 the figures were "59,949 units worth $1,004 million".^[15] On 10 February 2014 it was announced that by the end of 2017 Toyota would cease manufacturing vehicles and engines in Australia.^[16]

In March 2012, a new Australian auto maker, Tomcar, announced they are to build a new factory in Melbourne.^[9]

Chemical industry

Australia has a chemical industry, including the manufacture of many petrochemicals.^[17]

Many mining companies, such as BHP and Comalco, perform initial processing of raw materials.^[18] Similarly, Australia's agriculture feeds into the chemical industry. Tasmania produces 40% of the world's raw narcotic materials;^[19] some of this is locally converted into codeine and other pharmaceuticals in Tasmania by Tasmanian Alkaloids, owned by Johnson and Johnson, while GlaxoSmithKline processes some of the resulting poppy straw in Victoria.

Companies with manufacturing facilities in Australia

A partial list of companies operating manufacturing facilities in Australia, with their most important products.

Australian-owned

Consumer

Industrial

International

Companies that no longer manufacture in Australia

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite book|last=Productivity Commission|title=Trends in Australian Manufacturing|year=2004|url=http://129.3.20.41/eps/othr/papers/0402/0402003.pdf}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1309.0Main%20Features22008?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1309.0&issue=2008&num=&view=|title=1309.0 – Australia at a Glance, 2008|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=7 February 2008|accessdate=13 February 2010}}
3. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.austrade.com.sg/cap-manu.html|title=Advanced Manufacturing|publisher=Australian Government. Austrade|accessdate=3 March 2010}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rp/1999-2000/2000rp07.htm|title=Australian Manufacturing: A Brief History of Industry Policy and Trade Liberalisation|accessdate=3 March 2010}}
5. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0809/09rp16|title=Australian manufacturing—structural trends 2001–02 to 2006–07|date=24 November 2008|accessdate=9 July 2014}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/foodindustry.html|title=About Australia: Food Industry|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|accessdate=6 March 2010}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.acci.asn.au/text_files/media_releases/2010/003-10.pdf|title=ACCI Welcomes textiles and car tariff cuts (ACCI media release 003/10)|author=Peter Anderson|date=1 January 2010|accessdate=13 February 2010}}
8. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.apparelsearch.com/World_Clothing_Industry/australia/australia.htm|title=Australian Apparel Fashion and textiles Industry Directory|accessdate=13 February 2010}}
9. ^¹{{cite web|last=Hassall |first= David |url=http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/1B11FCD261CC6475CA2579DE00021DC5 |title=Tomcar - New local vehicle manufacturer |publisher=GoAuto |date=12 April 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}
10. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-03/toyota-car-production-ends-altona-after-50-years-manufacturing/9007624 |title=Toyota workers out of jobs as car manufacturer closes Altona plant |work=ABC News |location=Australia |date=6 December 2017 |access-date=9 October 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.holden.com.au/corporate/about-holden/exports/vehicle-exports | title = Vehicle Exports | publisher = GM Holden | accessdate = 23 August 2008}}
12. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.australianmanufacturing.com.au/holden-secures-over-200-million-subsidy-promises-to-stay/ |title=Holden To Stay After Government Promises $270 Million Assistance |publisher=Australian Manufacturing |date=23 March 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}
13. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.news.com.au/finance/business/holden-announces-it-will-stop-producing-cars-in-australia-leading-to-the-loss-of-2900-jobs/story-fnda1bsz-1226780247370 |title=South Australia stunned as GM announces Holden's closure in Adelaide in 2017 | publisher = GM Holden | date = 12 December 2013|accessdate = 12 December 2013}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota.com.au/about/exports|title=Exports-2008 | publisher=Toyota Australia|accessdate=3 March 2010}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota.com.au/toyota/company/operations/exports |title=Exports-2011| publisher =Toyota Australia |accessdate=10 February 2014}}
16. ^{{cite news|last=Dunckley |first=Mathew |url=http://www.portnews.com.au/story/2078487/toyota-confirms-exit-from-australian-manufacturing-in-2017/?cs=2452 |title=Toyota confirms exit from Australian manufacturing in 2017 |work=Port Macquarie News |publisher=Portnews.com.au |date=10 February 2014 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chemlink.com.au/industry.htm|title=Australia's chemical industry| publisher =chemlink.com.au |accessdate=22 February 2010}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chemlink.com.au/lefcompsynth.htm|title=Chemicals in Australia| publisher=chemlink.co.au | accessdate=22 February 2010}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brandtasmania.com.au/members.php?ACT=details&cat=15&menu_code=600.500&mid=69|title=Brand Tasmania|accessdate=22 February 2010}}