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词条 Marbled crayfish
释义

  1. Model organism

  2. Invasive species

  3. References

  4. External links

{{Taxobox
| name = Marbled crayfish
| image = Procambarus fallax forma virginalis.jpg
| image_caption = Adult marmorkrebs
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Arthropoda
| subphylum = Crustacea
| classis = Malacostraca
| ordo = Decapoda
| familia = Cambaridae
| genus = Procambarus
| species = P. fallax
| forma = P. f. f. virginalis
| trinomial = Procambarus fallax f. virginalis
| trinomial_authority = Martin et al., 2010 [1]
| range_map = File:Marbled crayfish Marmorkrebs Procambarus fallax forma virginalis map countries Europe.png
| range_map_caption = European countries where the Marmorkrebs has been found in the wild. It occurs also in Madagascar and Japan.[2][3]
| synonyms = Procambarus virginalis[4]
}}

The marbled crayfish or {{lang|de|Marmorkrebs}}, is a parthenogenetic crayfish that was discovered in the pet trade in Germany in the 1990s. Procambarus fallax forma virginalis is an informal subspecies designation for the marbled crayfish, and some researchers have proposed a new species designation, Procambarus virginalis.[4] Marmorkrebs are closely related to the "slough crayfish", Procambarus fallax.[1] P. fallax is widely distributed across Florida,[8] but no natural populations of marbled crayfish is known. Information provided by one of the original pet traders as to where the marbled crayfish originated was deemed "totally confusing and unreliable".[9] Marmorkrebs is German for "marbled crayfish".

Model organism

Marbled crayfish are the only known decapod crustaceans to reproduce only by parthenogenesis. All individuals are female, and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.[4][12] Marbled crayfish are triploid animals,[4][14] which may be the main reason for their parthenogenetic reproduction. Marbled crayfish are thus a model for the rapid generation of species.[4]

Because marbled crayfish are genetically identical, easy to care for,[16] and reproduce at high rates, they are a potential model organism, particularly for studying development.[17] A major drawback, however, is the long generation time (several months) compared to other research organisms.[18]

In 2018 the genome was sequenced, which provides an essential foundation for further research.[19]

Invasive species

Marbled crayfish have caused concern as a potential invasive species because only a single individual is needed to establish a new population, and they can reproduce at high rates. They have since been introduced into natural ecosystems on three continents. They have been found in the wild in the following countries, probably through release or escape from aquariums:

{{Col-begin|width=70%}}{{Col-break}}
  • Croatia[2]
  • Czech Republic[22][2]
  • Germany[9][25][26][2]
{{Col-break}}
  • Hungary[28][2]
  • Italy[30][2]
  • Japan[32][2]
{{Col-break}}
  • Madagascar[34][2]
  • Netherlands[3]
  • Romania[2]
{{Col-break}}
  • Slovakia[38][2]
  • Sweden[40][2]
  • Ukraine[42][2]
{{Col-end}}

Marbled crayfish are one of the most widely distributed species of crayfish in the international pet trade.[44]

While initial reports of marmorkrebs in the wild in Europe consisted of only single individuals,[25] the number of European countries reporting populations of marmorkrebs is rising.[46] The European Union instituted "a total ban on the possession, trade, transport, production and release of these species [including the marbled crayfish] in the wild".[47][48][49][50]

The Madagascar population is growing rapidly,[34] causing concern among local authorities.[52]

Although no instances of marbled crayfish populations have been found in the wild in North America, they are widely distributed among hobbyists in the North American pet trade.[53][54] Due to concerns about the possible damage caused by their introduction, they are prohibited in Missouri[55] and Tennessee.[56]

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author1=Peer Martin |author2=Nathan J. Dorn |author3=Tadashi Kawai |author4=Craig van der Heiden |author5=Gerhard Scholtz |year=2010 |title=The enigmatic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) is the parthenogenetic form of Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=107–118 |url=http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=7903a03 |format=PDF}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal |doi=10.1242/bio.014241 |pmid=26519519 |title=The marbled crayfish as a paradigm for saltational speciation by autopolyploidy and parthenogenesis in animals |year=2015 |last1=Vogt |first1=Günter |last2=Falckenhayn |first2=Cassandra |last3=Schrimpf |first3=Anne |last4=Schmid |first4=Katharina |last5=Hanna |first5=Katharina |last6=Panteleit |first6=Jörn |last7=Helm |first7=Mark |last8=Schulz |first8=Ralf |last9=Lyko |first9=Frank |journal=Biology Open |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=1583–1594 |pmc=4728364}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. |year=1942 |title=The crayfishes of Florida |journal=University of Florida Publication: Biological Series |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=1–179}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author1=Günter Vogt, Laura Tolley |author2=Gerhard Scholtz |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2004 |title=Life stages and reproductive components of the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish), the first parthenogenetic decapod crustacean |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=261 |issue=3 |pages=286–311 |doi=10.1002/jmor.10250|pmid=15281058 }}
5. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Peer Martin, Klaus Kohlmann |author2=Gerhard Scholtz |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2007 |title=The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) produces genetically uniform offspring |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=94 |issue=10 |pages=843–846 |doi=10.1007/s00114-007-0260-0 |pmid=17541537}}
6. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Martin P, Thonagel S, Scholtz G |year=2015 |title=The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Cambaridae) are triploid organisms |journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research |volume=54 |pages= 13–21|doi=10.1111/jzs.12114 |title-link=Polyploid }}
7. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Stephanie A. Jimenez |author2=Zen Faulkes |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2010 |title=Establishment and care of a laboratory colony of parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Marmorkrebs |journal=Invertebrate Rearing |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=10–18 |url=http://inverts.info/content/establishment-and-care-laboratory-colony-parthenogenetic-marbled-crayfish-marmorkrebs}}
8. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Frederike Alwes |author2=Gerhard Scholtz |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2006 |title=Stages and other aspects of the embryology of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Reptantia, Astacida) |journal=Development Genes and Evolution |volume=216 |issue=4 |pages=169–184 |doi=10.1007/s00427-005-0041-8|pmid=16389558 }}
9. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Günter Vogt |year=2010 |title=Suitability of the clonal marbled crayfish for biogerontological research: A review and perspective, with remarks on some further crustaceans |journal=Biogerontology |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=643–669 |doi=10.1007/s10522-010-9291-6 |pmid=20582627}}
10. ^1 {{Cite journal |last=Gutekunst |first=Julian |last2=Andriantsoa |first2=Ranja |last3=Falckenhayn |first3=Cassandra |last4=Hanna |first4=Katharina |last5=Stein |first5=Wolfgang |last6=Rasamy |first6=Jeanne |last7=Lyko |first7=Frank |date=2018-02-05 |title=Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=567–573 |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0467-9 |issn=2397-334X |pmid=29403072}}
11. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Zen Faulkes |year=2015 |title=The global trade in crayfish as pets |journal=Crustacean Research |volume=44 |pages=75–92 |doi= 10.18353/crustacea.44.0_75}}
12. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=C. Chucholl |author2=K. Morawetz |author3=H. Groß H |date=2012 |title=The clones are coming – strong increase in Marmorkrebs [Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis] records from Europe |journal=Aquatic Invasions |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=511–519 |doi=10.3391/ai.2012.7.4.008}}
13. ^1 {{cite web |author=Zen Faulkes |date=February 17, 2016 |title=Has the European Union regulated Marmorkrebs? |publisher=Marmorkrebs blog |url=http://marmorkrebs.blogspot.dk/2016/02/has-european-union-regulated-marmorkrebs.html |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}
14. ^1 {{cite news |author=Klaus Heimer |date=18 August 2010 |title=Invasion of self-cloning crayfish alarms Madagascar |newspaper=Deutsche Presse-Agentur wire story |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/339974,alarms-madagascar-feature.html}}
15. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Zen Faulkes |year=2010 |title=The spread of the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Marmorkrebs (Procambarus sp.), in the North American pet trade |journal=Aquatic Invasions |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=447–450 |doi=10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.16 }}
16. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Zen Faulkes |year=2015 |title=Marmorkrebs (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) are the most popular crayfish in the North American pet trade |journal=Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems |volume=416 |issue=416 |pages=20 |doi=10.1051/kmae/2015016 }}
17. ^1 {{cite web|author=Anonymous |date=17 May 2010 |title=Conservation Action Meeting of the March 2010 Conservation Commission |publisher=Missouri Department of Conservation |url=http://mdc.mo.gov/about-us/get-know-us/organization-structure/conservation-commission/meetings-and-minutes/2010-meeti-1 |accessdate=November 28, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923232943/http://mdc.mo.gov/about-us/get-know-us/organization-structure/conservation-commission/meetings-and-minutes/2010-meeti-1 |archivedate=23 September 2010 |df= }}
18. ^1 {{cite web |author=Zen Faulkes|date=January 25, 2016 |title=Sell your Marmorkrebs, Tennesseans |publisher=Marmorkrebs blog |url=http://marmorkrebs.blogspot.com/2016/01/sell-your-marmorkrebs-tennesseans.html |accessdate=January 25, 2016}}
19. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Jiří Patoka |author2=Miloš Buřič |author3=Vojtěch Kolář |author4=Martin Bláha |author5=Miloslav Petrtýl |author6=Pavel Franta |author7=Robert Tropek |author8=Lukáš Kalous |author9=Adam Petrusek |author10=Antonín Kouba |year=2016 |title=Predictions of marbled crayfish establishment in conurbations fulfilled: Evidences from the Czech Republic |journal=Biologia |volume=71 |issue=12 |pages=1380–1385 |doi=10.1515/biolog-2016-0164|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312293710}}
20. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author1=Peer Martin |author2=Hong Shen |author3=Gert Füllner |author4=Gerhard Scholtz |year=2010 |title=The first record of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) in the wild in Saxony (Germany) raises the question of its actual threat to European freshwater ecosystems |journal=Aquatic Invasions |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=397–403 |doi=10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.09 }}
21. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Christoph Chucholl |author2=Michael Pfeiffer |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2010 |title=First evidence for an established Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) population in Southwestern Germany, in syntopic occurrence with Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) |journal=Aquatic Invasions |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=405–412 |doi=10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.10}}
22. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Francesco Nonnis Marzano, Massimiliano Scalici, Stefania Chiesa, Francesca Gherardi, Armando Piccinini & Giancarlo Gibertini |year=2009 |title=The first record of the marbled crayfish adds further threats to fresh waters in Italy |journal=Aquatic Invasions |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=401–404 |doi=10.3391/ai.2009.4.2.19}}
23. ^1 2 {{cite book |author1=D. M. Holdich |author2=M. Pöckl |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2007 |chapter=Invasive crustaceans in European inland waters |title=Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats |editor=Francesca Gherardi |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |publisher=Springer |pages=29–75 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6029-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4020-6029-8}}
24. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=P. Bohman |author2=L. Edsman |author3=P. Martin |author4=G. Scholtz |year=2013 |title=The first Marmorkrebs (Decapoda: Astacida: Cambaridae) in Scandinavia |journal=BioInvasions Records |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=227–232 |doi=10.3391/bir.2013.2.3.09|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257259112}}
25. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Lőkkös A, Müller T, Kovács K, Várkonyi L, Specziár A, Martin P |year=2016 |title=The alien, parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) is entering Kis-Balaton (Hungary), one of Europe's most important wetland biotopes |journal=Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems |volume=417 |issue=417 |pages=16 |doi=10.1051/kmae/2016003}}
26. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Boris Lipták |author2=Agata Mrugała |author3=Ladislav Pekárik |author4=Anton Mutkovič |author5=Daniel Gruľa |author6=Adam Petrusek |author7=Antonín Kouba |last-author-amp=yes |year=2016 |title=Expansion of the marbled crayfish in Slovakia: beginning of an invasion in the Danube catchment? |journal=Journal of Limnology |doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1313}}
27. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=RA Novitsky |author2=MO Son |year=2016 |title=The first records of Marmorkrebs [Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis] (Crustacea, Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Ukraine |journal=Ecologica Montenegrina |volume=5 |pages=44–46 |url=http://www.biotaxa.org/em/article/view/19706/19060}}
28. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author1=Julia P. G. Jones |author2=Jeanne R. Rasamy |author3=Andrew Harvey |author4=Alicia Toon |author5=Birgit Oidtmann |author6=Michele H. Randrianarison |author7=Noromalala Raminosoa |author8=Olga R. Ravoahangimalala |year=2008 |title=The perfect invader: a parthenogenic crayfish poses a new threat to Madagascar's freshwater biodiversity |journal=Biological Invasions |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=1475–1482 |doi=10.1007/s10530-008-9334-y}}
29. ^1 {{cite book |editor1=Tadashi Kawai |editor2=M. Takahata |year=2010 |title=The Biology of Freshwater Crayfish |publisher=Hokkaido University Press |location=Sapporo |isbn=978-4-8329-8194-2}}
30. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite journal |first=Lucian |last=Pârvulescu |first2=Andrei |last2=Togor |first3=Sandra-Florina |last3=Lele |first4=Sebastian |last4=Scheu |first5=Daniel |last5=Șinca |first6=Jörn |last6=Panteleit |year=2017 |title=First established population of marbled crayfish Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis (Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Romania |url=http://www.reabic.net/journals/bir/2017/4/BIR_2017_Parvulescu_etal.pdf |journal=BioInvasions Records |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=357–362 |access-date=2018-02-09|doi=10.3391/bir.2017.6.4.09 }}
31. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143 | title = REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species | publisher = EUR-Lex | access-date = 2018-02-09 }}
32. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32016R1141 | title = COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2016/1141 of 13 July 2016 adopting a list of invasive alien species of Union concern pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council | publisher = EUR-Lex | access-date = 2018-02-09 }}
33. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32017R1263 | title = COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2017/1263 of 12 July 2017 updating the list of invasive alien species of Union concern established by Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1141 pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council | publisher = EUR-Lex | access-date = 2018-02-09 }}
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}}

External links

forma virginalis}->{{Commons category multi|Procambarus fallax forma virginalis|Unidentified Procambarus}}
  • Marmorkrebs.org
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/?compid=5&dsid=110477&loadmodule=datasheet&page=481&site=144 |title=Procambarus fallax f. virginalis (Marmorkrebs) |website=Invasive Species Compendium |publisher=CAB International}}

3 : Asexual reproduction in animals|Cambaridae|Forma taxa
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