1. Geomagnetic storm and auroras

2. Quebec power blackout

3. Military

4. Aftermath

5. See also

6. References

The March 1989 geomagnetic storm occurred as part of severe to extreme solar storms during early to mid March 1989, the most notable being a geomagnetic storm that struck Earth on March 13. This geomagnetic storm caused a nine-hour outage of Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system. The onset time was exceptionally rapid.^[1] Other historically significant solar storms occurred later in 1989, during a very active period of solar cycle 22.

Geomagnetic storm and auroras

The geomagnetic storm causing this event was itself the result of an ejection known as a coronal mass ejection (CME) on March 9, 1989.^[2] A few days before, on March 6, a very large X15-class solar flare also occurred.^[3]

Three-and-a-half days later, at 2:44 am EST on March 13, a severe geomagnetic storm struck Earth.^[4][5] The storm began on Earth with extremely intense auroras at the poles. The aurora could be seen as far south as Texas and Florida.^[6] As this occurred near the end of the Cold War, an unknown number of people worried that a nuclear first strike might be in progress.^[6] Others incorrectly considered the intense auroras to be associated with the Space Shuttle mission STS-29, which had been launched on March 13 at 9:57:00 AM.^[7]

Substantial communications blackouts occurred. The burst caused shortwave radio interference, including the disruption of radio signals from Radio Free Europe into Russia. It was initially believed that the signals had been jammed by the Soviet government.{{cn|date=January 2019}} As midnight came and went, a river of charged particles and electrons in the ionosphere flowed from west to east, inducing powerful electrical currents in the ground that surged into many natural nooks and crannies.^[6] Anecdotal evidence suggests that one of the UK's nuclear submarines noticed a variation in ELF signal strength around the same time{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}. Because the MoD files are still classified, this is not yet possible to confirm or deny.

Some satellites in polar orbits lost control for several hours. GOES weather satellite communications were interrupted, causing weather images to be lost. NASA's TDRS-1 communication satellite recorded over 250 anomalies caused by the increased particles flowing into its sensitive electronics.^[6] The Space Shuttle Discovery was having its own problems: a sensor on one of the tanks supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell was showing unusually high pressure readings on March 13. The problem went away after the solar storm subsided.

Quebec power blackout

The variations in the Earth's magnetic field also tripped circuit breakers on Hydro-Québec's power grid. The utility's very long transmission lines and the fact that most of Quebec sits on a large rock shield prevented current flowing through the earth, finding a less resistant path along the 735 kV power lines.^[9]

The James Bay network went offline in less than 90 seconds, giving Quebec its second massive power outage in 11 months.^[10] The power failure lasted nine hours and forced the company to implement various mitigation strategies, including raising the trip level, installing series compensation on ultra high voltage lines and upgrading various monitoring and operational procedures. Other utilities in North America and Northern Europe and elsewhere implemented programs to reduce the risks associated with geomagnetically induced currents (GICs).^[9]

Military

One of the few publicly reported military operations impacted was the Australian Army component of the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping force which was deployed to Namibia at the time. The storm occurred just as the advance elements of the contingent arrived in Namibia, but the effects were believed to last for weeks afterwards. The Australian contribution to UNTAG was heavily reliant on HF radio communications which were severely impacted.^[11][12]

Aftermath

In August 1989, another storm caused a halt of all trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange.^[13]

Since 1996, geomagnetic storms and solar flares have been monitored from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite, a joint project of NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).

Because of serious concerns that utilities have failed to set protection standards and are unprepared for a severe solar storm such as the Carrington Event, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has ordered the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to create standards that would require power grids to be somewhat protected from solar storms and equipment to be continuously tested for possible effects of solar storms.^[14][15] Similarly, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has begun a phased rule-making, published in the Federal Register, to examine the sufficiency of cooling systems of stored spent fuel rods of nuclear power plants now considered vulnerable to long-term power outages from events such as space weather, high-altitude nuclear burst electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) or cyber attacks.^[16]

See also

• List of solar storms
  • May 1921 geomagnetic storm

References

• Salo Mountain
• Salom Yiu Kam Shing
• Salomy Jane (film)
• Salomão Manuel Troco
• Salomè
• Salomè (1910 film)
• Salomé dansant devant Hérode
• Salomé Haller
• Salomé Kora
• Salomé (Moretto)
• Salomé Nke
• Salomé Rocha
• Salomé (telenovela)
• Salomé Zourabichvili
• Salomón Obama
• Salomón Wbias
• Salomėja
• Salona, Pennsylvania
• Salon (Assembly constituency)
• Salon d'Antin
• Salon de l'Auto (disambiguation)
• Salon de peinture et de sculpture
• Salon de Provence Airfield
• Salon des arts menagers
• Salon-de-Vergt