| 词条 | Lee Smolin |
| 释义 |
|name = Lee Smolin |image = LeeSmolinAtHarvard.JPG |caption = Lee Smolin at Harvard |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1955|6|6}}[1] |birth_place = New York City |death_date = |death_place = |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = American |ethnicity = Jewish |fields = Physics Cosmology |workplaces = Perimeter Institute, University of Waterloo |alma_mater = Hampshire College (B.A., 1975) Harvard University (A.M., 1978; Ph.D, 1979) |doctoral_advisor = Sidney Coleman Stanley Deser |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = |prizes = {{no wrap|Majorana Prize {{small|(2007)}} Klopsteg Memorial Award {{small|(2009)}} Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal (2013)}} |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |religion = |signature = |footnotes = }}Lee Smolin ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|m|oʊ|l|ɪ|n}}; born June 6, 1955) is an American theoretical physicist, a faculty member at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, an adjunct professor of physics at the University of Waterloo and a member of the graduate faculty of the philosophy department at the University of Toronto. Smolin's 2006 book The Trouble with Physics criticized string theory as a viable scientific theory. He has made contributions to quantum gravity theory, in particular the approach known as loop quantum gravity. He advocates that the two primary approaches to quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity and string theory, can be reconciled as different aspects of the same underlying theory. His research interests also include cosmology, elementary particle theory, the foundations of quantum mechanics, and theoretical biology.[2] Early lifeSmolin was born in New York City.[3] His brother, David M. Smolin, became a professor in the Cumberland School of Law in Birmingham, Alabama.[4] Education and careerSmolin dropped out of Walnut Hills High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, and was educated at Hampshire College. He received his Ph.D in theoretical physics from Harvard University in 1979.[2] He held postdoctoral research positions at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara and the University of Chicago, before becoming a faculty member at Yale, Syracuse and Pennsylvania State Universities. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1995[5] and a visiting professor at Imperial College London (1999-2001) before becoming one of the founding faculty members at the Perimeter Institute in 2001. Theories and workLoop quantum gravitySmolin contributed to the theory of loop quantum gravity (LQG) in collaborative work with Ted Jacobson, Carlo Rovelli, Louis Crane, Abhay Ashtekar and others. LQG is an approach to the unification of quantum mechanics with general relativity which utilizes a reformulation of general relativity in the language of gauge field theories, which allows the use of techniques from particle physics, particularly the expression of fields in terms of the dynamics of loops. (See main page loop quantum gravity.) With Rovelli he discovered the discreteness of areas and volumes and found their natural expression in terms of a discrete description of quantum geometry in terms of spin networks. In recent years he has focused on connecting LQG to phenomenology by developing implications for experimental tests of spacetime symmetries as well as investigating ways elementary particles and their interactions could emerge from spacetime geometry. Background independent approaches to string theoryBetween 1999 and 2002, Smolin made several proposals to provide a fundamental formulation of string theory that does not depend on approximate descriptions involving classical background spacetime models. Experimental tests of quantum gravitySmolin is among those theorists who have proposed that the effects of quantum gravity can be experimentally probed by searching for modifications in special relativity detected in observations of high energy astrophysical phenomena. These include very high energy cosmic rays and photons and neutrinos from gamma ray bursts. Among Smolin's contributions are the coinvention of doubly special relativity (with João Magueijo, independently of work by Giovanni Amelino-Camelia) and of relative locality (with Amelino-Camelia, Laurent Freidel and Jerzy Kowalski-Glikman). Foundations of quantum mechanicsSmolin has worked since the early 1980s on a series of proposals for hidden variables theories, which would be non-local deterministic theories which would give a precise description of individual quantum phenomena. In recent years, he has pioneered two new approaches to the interpretation of quantum mechanics suggested by his work on the reality of time, called the real ensemble interpretation and the principle of precedence. Cosmological natural selection {{anchor|Fecund universes}}Smolin's hypothesis of cosmological natural selection, also called the fecund universes theory, suggests that a process analogous to biological natural selection applies at the grandest of scales. Smolin published the idea in 1992 and summarized it in a book aimed at a lay audience called The Life of the Cosmos. Black holes have a role in natural selection. In fecund theory a collapsing{{clarify|reason=How exactly did he think black holes can "collapse"?|date=December 2013}} black hole causes the emergence of a new universe on the "other side", whose fundamental constant parameters (masses of elementary particles, Planck constant, elementary charge, and so forth) may differ slightly from those of the universe where the black hole collapsed. Each universe thus gives rise to as many new universes as it has black holes. The theory contains the evolutionary ideas of "reproduction" and "mutation" of universes, and so is formally analogous to models of population biology. Alternatively, black holes play a role in cosmological natural selection by reshuffling only some matter affecting the distribution of elementary quark universes. The resulting population of universes can be represented as a distribution of a landscape of parameters where the height of the landscape is proportional to the numbers of black holes that a universe with those parameters will have. Applying reasoning borrowed from the study of fitness landscapes in population biology, one can conclude that the population is dominated by universes whose parameters drive the production of black holes to a local peak in the landscape. This was the first use of the notion of a landscape of parameters in physics. Leonard Susskind, who later promoted a similar string theory landscape, stated: I'm not sure why Smolin's idea didn't attract much attention. I actually think it deserved far more than it got.[7] However, Susskind also argued that, since Smolin's theory relies on information transfer from the parent universe to the baby universe through a black hole, it ultimately makes no sense as a theory of cosmological natural selection.[7] According to Susskind and many other physicists, the last decade of black hole physics has shown us that no information that goes into a black hole can be lost.[7] Even Stephen Hawking, who was the largest proponent of the idea that information is lost in a black hole, later reversed his position.[7] The implication is that information transfer from the parent universe into the baby universe through a black hole is not conceivable.[7] Smolin has noted that the string theory landscape is not Popper-falsifiable if other universes are not observable.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} This is the subject of the Smolin–Susskind debate concerning Smolin's argument: "[The] Anthropic Principle cannot yield any falsifiable predictions, and therefore cannot be a part of science."[6] There are then only two ways out: traversable wormholes connecting the different parallel universes, and "signal nonlocality", as described by Antony Valentini, a scientist at the Perimeter Institute.{{Clarify|date=July 2010}} In a critical review of The Life of the Cosmos, astrophysicist Joe Silk suggested that our universe falls short by about four orders of magnitude from being maximal for the production of black holes.[7] In his book Questions of Truth, particle physicist John Polkinghorne puts forward another difficulty with Smolin's thesis: one cannot impose the consistent multiversal time required to make the evolutionary dynamics work, since short-lived universes with few descendants would then dominate long-lived universes with many descendants.[8] Smolin responded to these criticisms in Life of the Cosmos, and later scientific papers. When Smolin published the theory in 1992, he proposed as a prediction of his theory that no neutron star should exist with a mass of more than 1.6 times the mass of the sun.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} Later this figure was raised to two solar masses following more precise modeling of neutron star interiors by nuclear astrophysicists. If a more massive neutron star was ever observed, it would show that our universe's natural laws were not tuned for maximal black hole production, because the mass of the strange quark could be retuned to lower the mass threshold for production of a black hole. A 1.97-solar-mass pulsar was discovered in 2010.[9] In 1992 Smolin also predicted that inflation, if true, must only be in its simplest form, governed by a single field and parameter. Both predictions have held up, and they demonstrate Smolin's main thesis: that the theory of cosmological natural selection is Popper falsifiable. Contributions to the philosophy of physicsSmolin has contributed to the philosophy of physics through a series of papers and books that advocate the relational, or Leibnizian, view of space and time. Since 2006, he has collaborated with the Brazilian philosopher and Harvard Law School professor Roberto Mangabeira Unger on the issues of the reality of time and the evolution of laws; in 2014 they published a book, its two parts being written separately.[10] A book length exposition of Smolin's philosophical views appeared in April 2013. Time Reborn argues that physical science has made time unreal while, as Smolin insists, it is the most fundamental feature of reality: "Space may be an illusion, but time must be real" (p. 179). An adequate description according to him would give a Leibnizian universe: indiscernibles would not be admitted and every difference should correspond to some other difference, as the principle of sufficient reason would have it. A few months later a more concise text was made available in a paper with the title Temporal Naturalism.[11] The Trouble with PhysicsSmolin's 2006 book The Trouble with Physics explored the role of controversy and disagreement in the progress of science. It argued that science progresses fastest if the scientific community encourages the widest possible disagreement among trained and accredited professionals prior to the formation of consensus brought about by experimental confirmation of predictions of falsifiable theories. He proposed that this meant the fostering of diverse competing research programs, and that premature formation of paradigms not forced by experimental facts can slow the progress of science. As a case study, The Trouble with Physics focused on the issue of the falsifiability of string theory due to the proposals that the anthropic principle be used to explain the properties of our universe in the context of the string landscape. The book was criticized by the physicists Joseph Polchinski[12] and other string theorists. In his earlier book Three Roads to Quantum Gravity (2002), Smolin stated that loop quantum gravity and string theory were essentially the same concept seen from different perspectives. In that book, he also favored the holographic principle. The Trouble with Physics, on the other hand, was strongly critical of the prominence of string theory in contemporary theoretical physics, which he believes has suppressed research in other promising approaches. Smolin suggests that string theory suffers from serious deficiencies and has an unhealthy near-monopoly in the particle theory community. He called for a diversity of approaches to quantum gravity, and argued that more attention should be paid to loop quantum gravity, an approach Smolin has devised. Finally, The Trouble with Physics is also broadly concerned with the role of controversy and the value of diverse approaches in the ethics and process of science. In the same year that The Trouble with Physics was published, Peter Woit published a book for nonspecialists whose conclusion was similar to Smolin's, namely that string theory was a fundamentally flawed research program.[13] ViewsSmolin's view on the nature of time: More and more, I have the feeling that quantum theory and general relativity are both deeply wrong about the nature of time. It is not enough to combine them. There is a deeper problem, perhaps going back to the beginning of physics.[14] Smolin does not believe that quantum mechanics is a "final theory": I am convinced that quantum mechanics is not a final theory. I believe this because I have never encountered an interpretation of the present formulation of quantum mechanics that makes sense to me. I have studied most of them in depth and thought hard about them, and in the end I still can't make real sense of quantum theory as it stands.[15] In a 2009 [https://physicsworld.com/a/the-unique-universe/ article], Smolin has articulated the following philosophical views (the sentences in italics are quotations):
Smolin views rejecting the idea of a creator as essential to cosmology on similar grounds to his objections against the multiverse.[16] He does not definitively exclude or reject religion or mysticism but rather believes that science should only deal with that of which is observable.[17] He also opposes the anthropic principle, which he claims "cannot help us to do science."[18] He also advocates "principles for an open future" which he claims underlie the work of both healthy scientific communities and democratic societies: "(1) When rational argument from public evidence suffices to decide a question, it must be considered to be so decided. (2) When rational argument from public evidence does not suffice to decide a question, the community must encourage a diverse range of viewpoints and hypotheses consistent with a good-faith attempt to develop convincing public evidence." (Time Reborn p 265.) Awards and honorsSmolin was named as #21 on Foreign Policy Magazine's list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals.[19] He is also one of many physicists dubbed the "New Einstein" by the media.[20] The Trouble with Physics was named by Newsweek magazine as number 17 on a list of 50 "Books for our Time", June 27, 2009. In 2007 he was awarded the Majorana Prize from the Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics, and in 2009 the Klopsteg Memorial Award from the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) for "extraordinary accomplishments in communicating the excitement of physics to the general public," He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the American Physical Society. In 2014 he was awarded the Buchalter Cosmology Prize for a work published in collaboration with Marina Cortês.[21] Personal lifeSmolin was born in New York City. His father is Michael Smolin, an environmental and process engineer and his mother is the playwright Pauline Smolin. Lee Smolin has stayed involved with theatre becoming a scientific consultant for such plays as A Walk in the Woods by Lee Blessing, Background Interference by Drucilla Cornell and Infinity by Hannah Moscovitch.[22] He is married to Dina Graser, a lawyer and public servant in Toronto, Ontario. His brother is law professor David M. Smolin. PublicationsThe following books are non-technical, and can be appreciated by those who are not physicists.
References1. ^"The Institute for Advanced Study. Annual Report 1979/80", p. 58 2. ^1 Smolin's faculty page, Perimeter Institute. 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/people/Lee-Smolin|title=Perimeter Institute Profile|publisher=Perimeter Institute|accessdate=2015-08-17}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://cumberland.samford.edu/faculty/david-m-smolin|title=David Smolin's Cumberland School of Law Faculty Page|publisher=Samford University|accessdate=2015-08-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727145400/http://cumberland.samford.edu/faculty/david-m-smolin|archivedate=2014-07-27|df=}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ias.edu/people/cos/users/lsmolin01|title=Institute for Advanced Study: Community of Scholars Profile|publisher=Institute for Advanced Study|accessdate=2015-08-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308180305/https://www.ias.edu/people/cos/users/lsmolin01|archivedate=2016-03-08|df=}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 "Smolin vs. Susskind: The Anthropic Principle" Edge (August 18, 2004) 7. ^Joe Silk (1997) "Holistic Cosmology," Science 277: 644. 8. ^John Polkinghorne and Nicholas Beale (2009) Questions of Truth. Westminster John Knox: 106-111. 9. ^https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.5788 10. ^Smolin L., and Roberto Mangabeira Unger R., (2014), The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time: A Proposal in Natural Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-1107074064}} 11. ^ Smolin L., [https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.8539 arXiv:1310.8539] 12. ^Joseph Polchinski (2007) "All Strung Out?" a review of The Trouble with Physics and Not Even Wrong, American Scientist 95(1):1. 13. ^{{Cite book | first = Peter | last = Woit | year = 2006 | title = Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory & the Continuing Challenge to Unify the Laws of Physics | publisher = Jonathan Cape | isbn = 0-224-07605-1}} 14. ^Smolin, Lee. The Trouble With Physics, Houghton Mifflin Co, New York, 2006. (p. 256) 15. ^Smolin's response to the question "What do you believe is true even though you cannot prove it?" "World Question Center 2005: Lee Smolin" Edge 16. ^{{cite book|first=Jack|last=Huberman|title=The Quotable Atheist|publisher=Nation Books|pages=282|year=2006}} 17. ^{{cite book|first=lee|last=smolin|title=Three Roads to Quantum Gravity|publisher=Basic Books|pages=1|year=2000}} 18. ^Scientific alternatives to the anthropic principle, July 2004 19. ^[https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4379 "Top 100 Public Intellectuals: The Final Rankings"] Foreign Policy Magazine (June 27, 2008) 20. ^Brockman, John. "Introduction" to Kauffman, Stuart and Smolin, Lee. "A Possible Solution For The Problem Of Time In Quantum Cosmology" on Edge (April 7, 1997) 21. ^Announcement: First Prize for Dr. Marina Cortês, Dr. Lee Smolin [https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.6167 The Universe as a Process of Unique Events], Phys. Rev. D 90, 084007 (2014) 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://tarragontheatre.com/contributor/lee-smolin/|title=Terragon Theatre Profile|publisher=Terragon Theatre|year=2015|accessdate=2015-08-17}} External links{{commons category}}{{wikiquote}}
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