| 词条 | Lefkada | |||||
| 释义 |
|name = Lefkada |name_local = Λευκάδα |image_map = 2011 Dimos Lefkadas.png |periph = Ionian Islands |periphunit = Lefkada |pop_municipality = 22652 |area_municipality = 333.6 |population_as_of = 2011 |elevation_min = |elevation_max = |coordinates = {{coord|38|43|N|20|39|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |postal_code = |area_code = |licence = |mayor = |website = |image_skyline = Lefkada-2007.JPG |caption_skyline = View of Lefkada (city) |party = |since = }} Lefkada ({{lang-el|Λευκάδα}}, Lefkáda, {{IPA-el|lefˈkaða|}}), also known as Lefkas or Leukas[1] (Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Λευκάς, Leukás, modern pronunciation Lefkás) and Leucadia, is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea on the west coast of Greece, connected to the mainland by a long causeway and floating bridge. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Lefkada.[2] It is situated on the northern part of the island, approximately 1 hour by automobile away from Aktion National Airport. The island is part of the regional unit of Lefkada. GeographyLefkada measures {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=off}} from north to south, and {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=off}} from east to west. The area of the island is about {{convert|302|km2|0|abbr=out}}, the area of the municipality (including the islands Kalamos, Kastos and several smaller islets) is {{convert|333.58|km2|2|abbr=on}}.[3] Its highest point is the mountain Stavrota, {{convert|1158|m|0|abbr=off}} above sea level,[4] situated in the middle of the island. The east coast section of the island has small resorts of Lygia, Nikiana and Perigiali, all north of Nidri, the largest resort on the island. It is set in a sheltered location with views across to Skorpios (formerly owned by Aristotle Onassis), Meganisi and other small islands, as well as the Greek mainland. The main coastal road from Lefkada to Vasiliki runs through the village, although a bypass has now been completed which skirts the village to the west. There are regular car ferries to Kefalonia, Ithaca and Meganissi. {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=off}} south of Nidri is the resort of Vasiliki, a windsurfing center. There are ferries to Kefalonia and Ithaca from Vasiliki. South of Vasiliki is Cape Lefkada, where the Greek female poet Sappho allegedly leapt to her death from the 30 m high cliffs.The famous beach of Porto Katsiki is located on Lefkada's west coast. Lefkada was attached to mainland Greece (see below about Homer's Ithaca being Lefkada). The Corinthians dug a trench in the 7th century BC on its isthmus.[5] ClimateThe island has a typical Mediterranean climate: hot summers and cool winters, especially in the mountains. HistoryAntiquityThe myth about Sappho's suicide at Cape Lefkada is related to other myths linking the island to the ancient Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite, and to Odysseus, the hero of Homer's Odyssey. The German archaeologist Wilhelm Dörpfeld, having performed excavations at various locations of Lefkada, was able to obtain funding to do work on the island by suggesting that Lefkada was Homer's Ithaca, and the palace of Odysseus was located west of Nydri on the south coast of Lefkada. There have been suggestions by local tourism officials that several passages in the Odyssey point to Lefkada as a possible model for Homeric Ithaca. The most notable of these passages pushed by the local tourism board describes Ithaca as an island reachable on foot, which was the case for Lefkada since it is not really an island, that it was connected to the mainland by a narrow causeway. According to Strabo, the coast of Acarnania was called Leucas in earlier times. The ancient sources call Leucas a Corinthian colony, perhaps with a Corcyraen participation.[6] During the Peloponnesian War Leucas had joined the Spartan Confederation.[7] Middle AgesLefkada was part of the Despotate of Epirus until 1295 when it passed from Despot Nikephoros I to his son-in-law John Orsini.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=102}} The Castle of Santa Maura, as the island became known as, was first built in the beginning of the 14th century; the possession of the castle was key to holding the island.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=102}} The Orsini family lost Lefkada in 1331, to the Angevins.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=102}} In 1343, Walter of Brienne granted Lefkada and the Santa Maura castle to Venetian Graziano Giorgio.[8] Between 1343 and 1348, Serbian ruler Stefan Dušan invaded Albania, Epirus and Thessaly, conquering all except for Vonitsa and Santa Maura.[8] In 1362, Leonardo I Tocco seized Lefkada and Vonitsa.[8] In 1479, the Ottomans conquered Lefkada, and rebuilt the castle on a large scale (the core of the castle being Ottoman).{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=102}} Early modern periodThe Venetians briefly held Lefkada between 1500 and 1503, during the Ottoman-Venetian War, after which it was returned to Ottoman rule by peace treaty.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=102}} Ottoman rule was interrupted by Venice in 1684,{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=102}} with the Ottomans surrendering it after a 16-day siege, and was thus again part of the Ionian Islands under Venetian rule.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=103}} The Ottomans called it Ayamavra, from Greek Agia Maura (Αγία Μαύρα, itself derived from "Santa Maura"), and ruled it between 1479–1502, 1504–1684 and 1715-1716.[9] The Venetians extensively modified the castle in the early 18th century, and the British also made some modification in the 19th century.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=102}} In 1800, the Septinsular Republic was established, a Russian protectorate under de jure Ottoman suzerainty. The Russian Empire employed troops recruited from fugitive klephts and armatoloi in the Ionian Islands, particularly of Lefkada. Among these were captains Anastasios Tselios and Apostolos Levendakis, the latter who already in 1802 offered to raise a company of 60 fighters on Lefkada to support the Russians.[10] In 1815, Great Britain set up the United States of the Ionian Islands as a protectorate which lasted until 1864, when the islands were ceded to Greece. One of the seven island states was Lefkada. Lafcadio Hearn Historical CenterThe first museum in Europe for Lafcadio Hearn, who was born on the island and is named after it, was inaugurated in Lefkada on July 4, 2014, as Lafcadio Hearn Historical Center. It contains early editions, rare books and Japanese collectibles. The visitors, through photos, texts and exhibits, can wander in the significant events of Lafcadio Hearn's life, but also in the civilizations of Europe, America and Japan of late 18th and early 19th centuries through the open mind of his lectures, writings and tales. The municipalities of Kumamoto, Matsue, Shinjuku, Yaizu, Toyama University, Koizumi family and other people from Japan and Greece contributed to the establishment of Lafcadio Hearn Historical Center. MunicipalityThe present municipality Lefkada was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 7 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[2]
The municipality covers the island Lefkada and the smaller islands Kastos and Kalamos. Transport
Notable people(in chronological order)
GallerySee also
Notes1. ^{{cite book |title= The Ionian Islands and Epirus: A Cultural History|last= Potts|first= Jim |year= 2010|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford and New York|isbn= 978-0-19-975416-8|page= ix|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=k5GRqCgw1oEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=16 June 2011}} 2. ^1 Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior {{el icon}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece |title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation) |language=el |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |archivedate=2015-09-21 |df= }} 4. ^Oreivatein.com 5. ^Strabo 10.452 6. ^Colony and mother city in ancient Greece By A. J. Graham Page 132 {{ISBN|0-7190-0059-9}} 7. ^The Peloponnesian War: Athens, Sparta and the struggle for Greece By Nigel Bagnall Page 17 {{ISBN|0-312-34215-2}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Allan Brooks|title=Castles of Northwest Greece: From the early Byzantine Period to the eve of the First World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc5HAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA287|date=1 May 2013|publisher=Aetos Press|isbn=978-0-9575846-0-0|pages=287–}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:PI7OIJk8-iEJ:geolib.geo.auth.gr/digeo/index.php/bgsg/article/viewPDFInterstitial/1316/1185+lefkada+ayamavra&hl=tr&gl=tr&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESizPwJGL0idR3n8uzFyQMSFv4d-0Znuycqyq-np_KRwn2GADN-__ULpPHHO06xng7tlkNSrp4FKonZKBjJbKghMkqYnqqgsG-KSYc_gMuZI6O6GMoHE3gkgVOYpNWXkslErNPpJ&sig=AHIEtbQCgmy8ZloEwNi7icFPGfevXjRmIA |title=Google Drive Görüntüleyici |publisher=Docs.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-26}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Nicholas Charles Pappas|title=Greeks in Russian military service in the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMtEAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Stanford University|quote=These troops were recruited from among the fugitive klephtes and armatoloi residing on the Ionian Islands, particularly Lefkas. Among these men were the Captains Anastasios Tselios and Apostolos Levendakls. Tselios was a member of a prominent family of armatoloi from Xeromeros in southwestern Greece. As early as 1802, he had offered his services to the Septinsular Republic, proposing to raise and command a company of sixty men on Lefkas. ... In April 1806, this kapitanios and his men were among a number of refugee armatoloi on Lefkas. including the kapitanaioi Skylodemos, Stratos, Giannes Kolovelones, Konstantes Poules, Giorgakes — — 72 Varnakiotes and others. By June ...}} Sources{{refbegin|2}}
External links{{commons category|Lefkada}}
8 : Lefkada|Islands of the Ionian Islands (region)|Islands of Greece|Municipalities of the Ionian Islands (region)|Corinthian colonies|Septinsular Republic|Landforms of Lefkada (regional unit)|United States of the Ionian Islands |
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