1. History
    Richardson-Merrell  Thalidomide  Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals  U.S. Supreme Court Cases  Marion Merrell Dow  Marion Laboratories  Hoechst Marion Roussel   Sanofi  

2. References

Marion Merrell Dow and its predecessor Marion Laboratories was a U.S. pharmaceutical company based in Kansas City, Missouri from 1950 until 1996.

The company specialized in bringing to market drugs that had been discovered but unmarketed by other companies including Cardizem which treats arrhythmias and high blood pressure, Carafate (an ulcer treatment), Gaviscon (an antacid), Seldane (a withdrawn antihistamine), Nicorette (anti-smoking gum) and Cepacol mouthwash.^[1]

The company operating out of its headquarters at 9300 Ward Parkway was a springboard for its founder Ewing Marion Kauffman to start the Kansas City Royals baseball team.

History

Richardson-Merrell

The company traces its roots back to 1828 when William S. Merrell opened the Western Market Drug Store at Sixth Street and Western Row (now Central Avenue) in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. Merrell expanded into the wholesale drug business. Following his death in 1880 his sons formed the William S. Merrell Chemical Company.^[2]

In the 1930s, it merged with a company started by Lunsford Richardson to become Richardson-Merrell. Richardson's most notable product was Vicks VapoRub (named in honor of his brother-in-law Dr. Joshua Vick, a Selma, North Carolina physician.

In 1958, Richardson-Merrell acquired the English company Milton Antiseptic Ltd.^[3]

A team at William S. Merrell Chemical Company led by Frank Palopoli synthesized clomifene in 1956 (to stimulate ovulation); after its biological activity was confirmed a patent was filed and issued in November 1959.^[4][5] Scientists at Merrell had previously synthesized chlorotrianisene and ethamoxytriphetol.^[4]

Thalidomide

One of Richardson-Merrell's best-known incidents revolved around its efforts to introduce thalidomide into the US market in the 1950s and 1960s under the brand name "Kevadon". The drug was already highly popular in Europe as a sedative and antiemetic for elderly patients. Although neither tested nor approved for use during pregnancy, its effectiveness and absence of significant side-effects led many physicians to prescribe it to pregnant women. Richardson-Merrell submitted their new drug application (NDA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in June, 1960. During the application process, Richardson-Merrell asked the FDA for quick approval of the drug, and distributed 2.5 million tablets of thalidomide to 1,200 American doctors with the understanding that the drug was under investigation, a preemptive marketing strategy that was permissible at the time under existing regulations.^[6] Nearly 20,000 patients received the drug. Reviewing pharmacologist Frances Oldham Kelsey, who had joined the FDA just a month before the application's arrival, repeatedly denied the company's requests for permission to market the drug, citing an insufficient number of controlled studies to establish risks.^[7] When studies revealed that 10,000 children worldwide had been born with severe birth defects from the drug, Merrell withdrew its application and recalled the remaining unconsumed tablets from doctors offices around the country. Ultimately, 17 children in the United States were born with defects. For correctly denying the application despite the pressure from Richardson-Merrell, Kelsey eventually received the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service at a 1962 ceremony with President John F. Kennedy.^[8]

Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

The former Richardson Merrell became Richardson Vicks. In 1985, Richardson Vicks was acquired by Procter & Gamble.

U.S. Supreme Court Cases

In the U.S., Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals was a named party in at least two major United States Supreme Court cases:

• Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson, 478 U.S. 804 (1986), involving original jurisdiction
• Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals 509 U.S. 579 (1993), applied the rules governing expert testimony established by the Federal Rules of Evidence to the admission of scientific evidence at trials conducted in federal courts

Marion Merrell Dow

In 1989 Dow Chemical acquired 67 percent interest of Marion Laboratories, which was renamed Marion Merrell Dow. Among the products Merrell Dow brought that would be shortly marketed were Seldane, Lorelco, Nicorette and Cepacol. The merger was considered a good fit because of Marion Laboratories strong sales force and Merrell Dow's strong research and development capabilities.^[1][9]

At the time Marion Laboratories was outperforming all other drug company stocks by 2½ times.^[11]

Marion had the highest sales and the highest profit per employee of any company traded on the New York Stock Exchange.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Dow's initial offer was $38 a share in cash, or $2.2 billion, for the 39 percent of Marion's 150 million shares with an option to raise the stake to 67 percent by 1992. The offer made 300 of Marion's employees millionaires. The deal created the fifth largest drug company in the United States in terms of sales.

Although controlled by Dow the new company continued to trade on Marion Laboratories' old New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol "MKC."

Marion Laboratories

The company quickly took off. As Kauffman expanded he offered his employees share options and profit sharing.

Rather than researching products, the company adopted a policy of buying products discovered by other companies and reformulating them for market.

In 1964 it formally incorporated as Marion Laboratories, Inc.

In the 1980s it marketed Silvadene (a burn cream), Ditropan (treatment for bladder spasms), Nitro-Bid (chest pain treatment), ARD and Bac-T-Screen (helped identify bacteria), Culturette (used to identify Group A streptococci) and ToxiLab, a drug detection system used to detect drug abuse.^[1]

Hoechst Marion Roussel

In 1995 Hoechst AG of Germany announced plans to buy Dow's increased 71 percent share for $25.75 a share or $7.1 Billion. Hoechst also bought the other outstanding shares. The deal created the world's second largest drug manufacturer at the time (behind Glaxo Wellcome and ahead of Merck & Company).^[12][13]

Hoechst's new pharmaceutical company became Hoechst Marion Roussel and kept its North American headquarters in Kansas City.

Sanofi

Hoechst in turn later became part of the pharmaceutical and lab assay testing company Aventis in 1999,^[14]{{rp|9–11}} and subsequently a part of the multinational pharmaceutical company Sanofi.^[15]

Sanofi has sold off the original Marion Labs Kansas City plant at 10236 Marion Park Drive with Cerner Corporation buying the offices in 2006.^[16] In August 2009 the company announced its plans to close the remaining facility altogether.^[17]

References

• Sandford Lyne
• Sandford, Ontario
• Sandford-on-Thames Preceptory
• Sandford Prince
• Sandford scotland
• Sandford, Scotland
• Sandford, South Lanarkshire
• Sandford St. Martin
• Sandford, Victoria
• Sandford wheeler
• Sand Forest
• Sand fountain
• Sand Fox (disambiguation)
• Sand Gap, Arkansas
• Sandgap, Kentucky
• Sand Gap, Kentucky
• Sandgate Australian Football Club
• Sandgate Branch
• Sandgate (disambiguation)
• Sandgate electorate
• Sandgate Football Club
• Sandgate Plain
• Sandgate railway station
• Sandgate railway station, Queensland
• Sandgate Road