“1878 papal conclave”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The papal conclave of 1878, which resulted from the death of Pope Pius IX on 7 February 1878, met from 18 to 20 February. The conclave the longest reign of any other pope since Saint Peter. It was the first election of a pope who would not rule the Papal States. It was the first to meet in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican because the venue used earlier in the 19th century, the Quirinal Palace, was now the palace of the King of Italy, Umberto I.

Questions facing the cardinals

When the cardinals assembled, they faced a dilemma. Should they choose a pope who would continue to espouse Pius IX's reactionary religious and political views, and would continue to refuse to accept Italy's Law of Guarantees guaranteeing the pope religious liberty in the Kingdom of Italy? Or should they turn away from the policies of Pius IX and choose a more liberal pope who could work for reconciliation with the King of Italy? Would choosing such a policy be seen as a betrayal of Pius IX, the self-proclaimed "Prisoner in the Vatican"?

Other broader issues included Church-state relations in Italy, the Third French Republic, Ireland and the United States; the heresy Pope Leo XIII later called Americanism; divisions in the Church caused by the proclamation of papal infallibility by the First Vatican Council; the status of the First Vatican Council, which had been halted suddenly and never concluded. The length of Pope Pius' reign suggested the cardinals give special consideration to the age and health of the man they elected.

Conclave

Some 61 of 64 cardinals entered the conclave. Two others arrived too late from New York and Dublin to participate and one did not attend for health reasons. Three of the 61 had participated in the previous conclave in 1846: Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso, Fabio Maria Asquini, and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto.

With what many Churchmen believed was the "unstable" and "anti-Catholic" situation in a Rome that was no longer controlled by the Church, some cardinals, notably Cardinal Manning, Archbishop of Westminster, urged that the conclave be moved outside Rome, perhaps even to Malta.^[1] However the Camerlengo, Gioachino Pecci, advocated otherwise, and an initial vote among cardinals to move to Spain was overturned in a later vote. The conclave finally assembled in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican on 18 February 1878.

Going into the conclave, Cardinal Pecci was the one candidate favored to be elected in part because many of the cardinals who headed to Rome had already decided to elect him.^[2] In addition to Pecci's competent administration as Camerlengo during the sede vacante period up to the conclave, Pecci was seen as the opposite of Pope Pius IX in terms of manner and temperament and also had a successful diplomatic career prior to being Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia.^[2] Pecci's election was also facilitated in that Alessandro Franchi, the candidate favored by the conservatives, urged his supporters to switch their support to the Camerlengo.^[2]

Ballot 1 (morning 19 Feb)

This ballot was ruled invalid because at least one cardinal did not mark his ballot properly.^[4]

Ballot 2 (afternoon 19 Feb)

Ballot 3 (morning 20 February)

Result, implications, and aftermath

The election of Cardinal Pecci, who took the name of Leo XIII, was a victory for the liberals. Pecci had been an effective bishop whose diocese had moved from the Papal States to the Kingdom of Italy successfully, without Church problems. He was seen as a diplomatic pragmatist with the tact and flexibility opponents of the previous pope believed Pius IX lacked. At 68 Leo was also young enough to do the job without hindrance of health problems, but old enough to offer the prospect of a relatively short reign of ten to fifteen years. Whereas Pius IX was seen as having isolated the Church from international opinion (his confining Jews in ghettos and his treatment of minorities had been condemned by world leaders such as Gladstone), while Leo was seen as an "internationalist" who could earn back the Vatican some international respect.

Though always seemingly in poor health and delicate condition, Leo reigned for 25 years. He had the third longest reign of any pope until that time.{{efn|The length of his reign was later surpassed by that of Pope John Paul II.}} When he died on 20 July 1903 at the age of 93 he had lived to be older than any of his known predecessors.

Participants

LENGTH OF CONCLAVE

2 days

NUMBER OF BALLOTS

ELECTORS

Absent

Present

Africa

Latin America

North America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

Mid-East

Italians

VETO USED?

DECEASED POPE

PIUS IX (1846–1878)

NEW POPE

LEO XIII (1878–1903)

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GvVVAa_-bsEC&pg=PA41& | pages=42–2 |last= Hittinger | first= Russell | chapter = Pope Leo XIII |title= The Teachings of Modern Christianity on Law, Politics, and Human Nature |editor-first1=John| editor-last1= Witte |editor-first2=Frank S.|editor-last2= Alexander |publisher= Columbia University Press|date= 2006 | isbn=9780231133586}}
2. ^¹²{{cite book |chapter= Leo XIII and His Successors| pages= | first=Valérie | last=Pirie | chapter-url = http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-concluding-chapter.htm | title= The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves | location = London | date=1935 | publisher = Sidgwick & Jackson }}
3. ^{{cite book|editor-first1=Hubert |editor-last1=Jedin |editor-first2= John Patrick|editor-last2= Dolan|title=History of the Church: The Church in the Industrial age|date=1981|publisher=Burns & Oates|location=London|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5LYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5&|accessdate=4 May 2018}}
4. ^{{cite book| title = Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878-1922 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t9QxJMdp6FMC&pg=PA59& | accessdate = 15 November 2017 |first= Francis A. | last = Burkle-Young | page= 59 |publisher= Lexington Books | date= 2000}}
5. ^¹{{cite book| title = Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878-1922 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t9QxJMdp6FMC&pg=PA161& | accessdate = 15 November 2017 |first= Francis A. | last = Burkle-Young | page= 161 |publisher= Lexington Books | date= 2000}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=Departure of Cardinal M'Closkey|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/02/10/80675090.pdf |accessdate=15 November 2017|work=New York Times|date=10 February 1878}}
7. ^{{cite news|title=Miscellaneous Foreign Notes|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/02/24/81720339.pdf|accessdate=15 November 2017|work=New York Times|date=24 February 1878}}
8. ^{{cite book| title = Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878-1922 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t9QxJMdp6FMC&pg=PA159& | accessdate = 15 November 2017 |first= Francis A. | last = Burkle-Young | pages= 159–60 |publisher= Lexington Books | date= 2000}}
9. ^{{cite book|last1=Henry Dodridge|display-authors=et al|first1=Henry|title=The Catholic Church Alone: The One True Church of Christ|date=1903|publisher=Catholic Educational Company|location=New York|page=407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LS06AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA407&|accessdate=4 May 2018}}