1. National Weather Service Ashfall Advisories

2. Reported incidents

3. External links

4. References

Less commonly publicized than the effects on aviation—and with less potential for catastrophe—maritime Impacts of volcanic eruptions are also dangerous. When a volcano erupts, large amounts of noxious gases, steam, rock, and ash are released into the atmosphere; fine ash can be transported thousands of miles from the volcano, while high concentrations of coarse particles fall out of the air near the volcano. The high concentrations of hazardous toxic gases are localized in the immediate vicinity of the volcano.

Until more recently public focus has mainly been on effects on aviation effects—ash, which can be undetectable, can cause an aircraft's engine to cut out with catastrophic potential. However, the July 2008 eruption of Okmok Volcano in Alaska triggered attention to the maritime effects. Employees at the National Weather Service Ocean Prediction Center's Ocean Applications Branch examined this event and partnered with the Alaska Volcano Observatory to compile information on the topic.

Ash can affect marine transportation in many ways:

1. Volcanic ash can clog air intake filters in a matter of minutes, crippling airflow to vital machinery. Ash particles are very abrasive and, if they get into an engine's moving parts, can cause severe damage very quickly.
2. Water is the main component in volcanic eruptions; it is what makes them so explosive. Through chemical reactions, toxic gases that are released in eruptions can bond or adsorb to ashfall particles. As the particles land on skin, metal, or other exposed shipboard equipment, they can begin to corrode.
3. Certain types of volcanic ash do not dissolve easily in water. Instead, they clump on the surface of the ocean in pumice rafts. These rafts can clog salt water intake strainers very quickly, which can result in overheating of shipboard machinery dependent on sea water service cooling.
4. Heavy amounts of volcanic ash reduce visibility to less than ½ mi, which is a hazard to navigation. This, combined with the above three other main impacts make sailing in the vicinity of volcanic ash very dangerous for mariners.^&91;1&93;

National Weather Service Ashfall Advisories

Currently undergoing an update, National Weather Service Instruction 10-311 will include new text guidance for the offshore and high seas text weather forecasts issued by the Ocean Prediction Center and Tropical Prediction Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB).

Reported incidents

Not many cases of ash impact on ships have been documented. However, there are some notable recent anecdotes on the topic:

The 2008 Eruption of Chaitén Volcano in Chile prompted mass evacuations, in which the Chilean Navy participated. There are reports {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} that the Chilean Navy encountered pumice rafts which were sucked into the salt water service system of the ship's propulsion system. This clogged sea strainers and overheated the engines, almost making the ships unable to escape.

The NOAA Ship Miller Freeman reported light accumulations of volcanic ash during the 2008 Okmok eruption in Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Due to volcanic-ash clogged ventilation systems, the ship remained in port until the event subsided.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

In 1891 the Australian steam ship Catterthun reported steaming "for miles through masses of volcanic debris" after an eruption on the island of Sagir in the Indonesian archipelago. It was rumoured that all of the island's 12,000 inhabitants had perished in the eruption.

External links

• NWS Alaska Region Volcano Coordination Page
• USGS Volcano Hazards Program
• USGS Alaska Volcano Observatory
• USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory
• Ocean Prediction Center Volcano Webpage
• https://www.nytimes.com/1892/07/18/archives/volcanos-terrible-work-an-island-and-all-of-its-inhabitants.html

References

• Odd Fellows Cemetery (Philadelphia)
• Odd Fellows Cemetery (Starkville, Mississippi)
• Odd Fellows Columbarium
• Odd Fellows (disambiguation)
• Oddfellows' Hall
• Odd Fellow's Hall
• Odd Fellows' Hall
• Oddfellow's Hall
• Odd Fellows Hall (Baltimore, 1891)
• Odd Fellows Hall (Beaver, Utah)
• Odd Fellows' Hall (Beverly, Massachusetts)
• Odd Fellows Hall (Big Horn, Wyoming)
• Odd Fellows Hall (Blacksburg, Virginia)
• Odd Fellows' Hall (Buckland, Massachusetts)
• Odd Fellows Hall (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
• Odd Fellows Hall (disambiguation)
• Oddfellows' Hall (East Providence, Rhode Island)
• Odd Fellows Hall (Eureka, California)
• Odd Fellows Hall (Gonzales, California)
• Odd Fellows Hall (Hilliard, Ohio)
• Odd Fellows Hall (La Grange, California)
• Odd Fellows Hall (Monticello, Iowa)
• Odd Fellows Hall (New York City)
• Odd Fellows Hall (New York, New York)
• Odd Fellows Hall (Portsmouth, Ohio)