词条 | Mark 8 Landing Craft Tank | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The Mark 8 Landing Craft Tank (also referred to as the LCT (8) or LCT Mark VIII) were landing craft tank ships operated by the British Armed Forces. The vessels were based on an American design, but improved into ocean-going vessels capable of transiting to and operating in the Far East. Although 187 vessels were ordered, the end of the Second World War meant that only 30 were completed for service in the Royal Navy, while another 6 were sold to civilian parties. 12 of the Royal Navy vessels were, from 1957, transferred to the British Army; these were initially operated by the Royal Army Service Corps, which then became the Royal Corps of Transport. Between 1958 and 1966, the other 18 Royal Navy ships were transferred or sold to foreign navies or civilian companies, converted for other uses, or otherwise disposed of. Several Army Mark 8s were also sold to foreign powers, with the design operated by the Royal Malaysian Navy, the French Navy, the Singaporean Navy, and the Military of Comoros. During their service life, vessels of the class operated during the Suez Crisis and Indonesian Confrontation, and were involved in the setup and supply to guided weapons bases in the Hebrides as part of Operation Hardrock, primarily ferrying equipment from Cairnryan, near Stranraer, to the remote island of St. Kilda.. Eventually, they were replaced by Round Table class ships.[1] DesignIn October 1943, the Director of Naval Construction was instructed to prepare plans for a class of Landing Craft Tank vessels suitable for travelling to and operating in the Far East.[2] They had to be capable of ocean operations and able to keep up with Landing Ship, Infantry convoys.[3][4] Greater ranges and more lengthy periods of sustained operation than in the European or Mediterranean theatres would require a larger vessel with better seakeeping ability.[2] Design and capabilities were heavily influenced by the United States' Mark 7 LCT (which was later re-categorised as Landing Ship Medium), which was capable of transporting multiple tanks over large distances.[5] The Mark 8 was a synthesis of the best qualities of previous amphibious warfare vessels: the design was based on an enlarged version of the Mark 4 LCT, incorporating its light construction and suitability for mass-production, while including the robustness of the Mark 3 design, and adopting the bow layout and other elements from the Mark 2 Landing Ship Tank.[2][3] The vessels were {{convert|225|ft|m}} long between perpendiculars and {{convert|231.2|ft|m}} long overall, with a beam of {{convert|38|ft|m}}.[6] Although retaining the open tank deck of previous LCT designs, the Mark 8 was protected by a taller bow section, which was fitted with powered doors and ramp.[4] The capacity was eight 30-ton tanks, up to 13 fully loaded 3-ton trucks, or 350 tons of cargo.[3][7] Maximum displacement and draught varied depending on the loadout: trucks would result in a 650-ton displacement, {{convert|3|ft|adj=on}} draught at the bow, and {{convert|4|ft|8|in|adj=on}} draught at the stern; for tanks, it was 780 tons, {{convert|3|ft|9|in}} forward, and {{convert|5|ft}} aft; while a full load of cargo resulted in a displacement of 880 tons, and draughts of {{convert|4|ft|8|in}} and {{convert|5|ft|2|in}}.[3] Maximum displacement was 1,017 tons.[6] The deeper draughts compared to previous vessels helped improve seakeeping.[2] An enlarged engine room compared to previous designs allowed the installation of four {{convert|460|shp}}, 12-cylinder Davey Paxman 12TPM diesel engines, coupled in two tandem sets to drive the two propeller shafts.[2][7][8] These had a maximum combined output of {{convert|1,840|bhp}} (roughly doubling that of previous LCTs), although output was capped at {{convert|1,600|bhp}}.[2][4] Cruising speed was {{convert|8|kn}}, with a maximum speed of {{convert|12.5|kn}}.[6][7] The landing craft could travel {{convert|4000|nmi}} at cruising speed, or {{convert|2500|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.[6][7] The expanded engine room required a lengthening of the poop deck, which allowed for improved accommodation spaces and an enlarged superstructure.[4][7] During design, the vessel's complement was pegged at 25 (including three officers), but by the late 1960s, this had expanded to between 33 and 37.[3][6][7] Additional accommodation was provided for up to 42 personnel (including six officers): typically the crews of any vehicles being transported.[2] For defence, the vessels were fitted with four single 20 mm Oerlikon guns.[7] There were also plans to fit some of the vessels with a Hedgerow:[3] a modified Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar which would be fired to clear mines and obstructions from beaches prior to the landing of troops.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} The bridge, wireless telegraphy office, and gun platforms were armoured with {{convert|0.25|in|adj=on}}, {{convert|15|lb|adj=on}} D1 HT plating.[2][3][7] Construction187 vessels were ordered.[9] They were identified with the pennant numbers L4001 through to L4187.[7] 96 were ordered in the initial batch on 7 April 1944.[10] This was followed by orders of 9 at an unknown date, 22 on 9 October 1944, batches of 20, 16, and 12 at unknown dates during late 1944, then the final 12 on 6 January 1945.[11] Shipyards and companies involved in the vessels' construction included Stockton Construction at Thornaby (46), A. Findlay at Old Kilpatrick (27), Arrol at Alloa (25), Tees-Side Bridge at Middlesbrough (17), MacLellan at Bo'ness (12), Motherwell Bridge at Meadowside (12), Fairfield at Chepstow (12), Redpath Brown at Meadowside (11), Cleveland Dockyard at Middlesbrough (7), Warren Point Shipyard (8), Lagan at Belfast (8), and White at Cowes (2).[12] In addition, individual hull sections were fabricated by Cargo Fleet of Stockton, Cleveland Bridge of Darlington, Whessoe Foundry of Darlington, Head Wrightson of Thornaby, and Appleby-Frodingham.[13] Building designs were provided for both riveted and welded versions.[2] The first vessel was completed in June 1945.[9] 30 were completed for the Royal Navy before the end of World War II meant that the vessels were no longer required; none of those completed saw wartime service.[4][9] Of the remaining 157, 6 were sold into civilian service (4 directly, 2 to intermediate parties for conversion), while the rest were cancelled, scrapped in their incomplete state, or otherwise disposed of.[9][12] Operational historyRoyal Navy{{Expand section|the addition of information on what activities the LCT carried out during Suez, and any operations before or after|date=February 2010}}Nine ships in the class (HM Ships Redoubt, Rampart, Citadel, Parapet, Bastion, Counterguard, Portcullis, Sallyport, and Buttress) served during the 1956 Suez Crisis under Royal Navy control,[14] while a tenth (L4086, later named HMAV Arromanches) operated with a civilian crew.[15] In 1961, Bastion, Redoubt, and the landing ship tank {{HMS|Striker|L128|6}} transported heavy stores and vehicles from Bahrain to Kuwait in support of Operation Vantage.[16] ArmyThe Suez Crisis highlighted the Army's need to train landing craft crews to respond to similar emergencies.[17] Beginning in 1957, twelve LCT (8)s were transferred to the Army and stationed at Portsmouth: seven entered Army service between January and March of that year, while the other five followed later.[15] The vessels were given names of Second World War battles, and were crewed by men of 76 Company, Royal Army Service Corps (RASC).[15] The RASC Water Transport Training Unit, based at Fort Victoria on the Isle of Wight began running LCT training courses and supplied the vessels with crews (men on their National Service) until the unit closed in 1962.[17] In 1957–58, several of the LCTs took part in Operation Hardrock, a joint Army/RAF operation to create a guided weapons tracking station in the Hebrides.[18] The vessels made exploratory voyages and subsequently delivered men and equipment to islands like St Kilda, South Ford, and Lochboisdale.[19] In the following years, they made supply runs from their base at Cairnryan to the islands.[20] Landings were dangerous, due to weather and beach conditions, and on one occasion, Abbeville became grounded at Village Bay in St Kilda for three days.[20] In 1960, three of the LCTs (Ardennes, Agedabia and Arromanches) were transferred to Singapore.[21] Whilst in service there, they carried out routine transport and ammunition-dumping activities, and were deployed in the Indonesian Confrontation in 1962. Two more LCTs (Antwerp and Arakan) were despatched to the region the following year.[22] When the LCTs first entered service with the British Army, they were designated as Royal Army Service Corps Vessels (RASCV). In 1965, the RASC was amalgamated with the transportation arm of the Corps of Royal Engineers to form the Royal Corps of Transport.[23] The following year, a Royal Warrant dictated that all RCT vessels would have their prefix changed to Her Majesty's Army Vessel (HMAV).[24] Other forces and civilian serviceDuring the late 1950s, Jawada was loaned to the Qatar Petroleum Company.[25] The landing craft was briefly recommissioned during late 1956 and early 1957 to serve as a tender to the cruiser {{HMS|Superb|25|6}}, which was visiting Bahrain for amphibious warfare exercises.[25] Buttress was sold to the French Navy in July 1965; she was redesignated L 9061, then later Issole.[6][26] She was then resold to the Military of Comoros in 1976, and operated as the naval vessel Ville de Nimachova.[26] Counterguard was sold to the Royal Malaysian Navy in 1965 and renamed Sri Langkawi.[6] The vessel operated under this name until February 1968, when she was disposed of.[27] Ardennes and Arromanches were sold to the Singaporean Navy in 1970, operating as Cairn Hill and Tanglin.[28][29]{{Clear}}Vessels in class
Citations1. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-sir-lancelot-ships-details|title=RFA Sir Lancelot|website=RFA Historical Society|accessdate=5 August 2017}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brown (ed.), The Design and Construction of British Warships, p. 51 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 US Division of Naval Intelligence, Allied Landing Craft of World War II, Supplement No. 1, p. 37 4. ^1 2 3 4 Lenton, British and Empire Warships of the Second World War, p. 458 5. ^Bishop, The Encyclopaedia of Weapons of WWII, p. 536 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Blackman (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships, 1968–69, p. 320 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lenton, British and Empire Warships of the Second World War, p. 460 8. ^Carr, Paxman and the Royal Navy 9. ^1 2 3 Brown (ed.), The Design and Construction of British Warships, p. 52 10. ^Lenton, British and Empire Warships of the Second World War, pp. 484–6 11. ^Lenton, British and Empire Warships of the Second World War, pp. 486–7 12. ^1 Lenton, British and Empire Warships of the Second World War, pp. 484–7 13. ^1 Lenton, British and Empire Warships of the Second World War, p. 487 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Paul & Sprint, British Units involved in the Suez crisis 15. ^1 2 3 Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 142 16. ^1 2 Hobbs, in Stevens & Reeve, Sea Power ashore and in the air, p. 207 17. ^1 Cantwell, Fort Victoria p. 44 18. ^Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 143 19. ^Habesch, The Army's Navy, pp. 143–4 20. ^1 2 Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 144 21. ^Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 147 22. ^1 Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 149 23. ^Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 151 24. ^Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 154 25. ^1 Boniface, HMS Superb, p. 62 26. ^1 2 3 4 5 Lenton, British and Empire Warships of the Second World War, p. 486 27. ^1 Blackman (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships, 1968–69, p. 187 28. ^Lenton, British and Empire Warships of the Second World War, pp. 485–6 29. ^1 Habesch, The Army's Navy, pp. 161–2 30. ^Colledge & Warlow, Ships of the Royal Navy, p. 334. 31. ^1 Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 151 32. ^1 Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 153 33. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Lenton, British and Empire Warships of the Second World War, p. 485 34. ^1 Warships, Hansard 35. ^Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 148 36. ^Colledge & Warlow, Ships of the Royal Navy, p. 355. 37. ^Habesch the Armys Navy p 147 38. ^Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 167 39. ^Colledge & Warlow, Ships of the Royal Navy, p. 60. References
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3 : Landing craft|Amphibious warfare vessels of the British Army|Amphibious warfare vessels of the Royal Navy |
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