| 词条 | Leigh Hunt |
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James Henry Leigh Hunt (19 October 1784{{snd}}28 August 1859), best known as Leigh Hunt, was an English critic, essayist and poet. Hunt co-founded The Examiner, a leading intellectual journal expounding radical principles. He was the centre of the Hampstead-based group that included William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb, known as the 'Hunt circle'. Hunt also introduced John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Robert Browning and Alfred Lord Tennyson to the public. Hunt's presence at Shelley's funeral on the beach near Viareggio was immortalised in the painting by Louis Édouard Fournier, although in reality Hunt did not stand by the pyre, as portrayed. Hunt was the inspiration for the Harold Skimpole character in Charles Dickens’s novel Bleak House. BiographyEarly lifeJames Henry Leigh Hunt was born at Southgate, London, where his parents had settled after leaving the United States]. His father Isaac, a lawyer from Philadelphia, and his mother, Mary Shewell, a merchant's daughter and a devout Quaker, had been forced to come to Britain because of their loyalist sympathies during the American War of Independence. Once in England, Issac Hunt became a popular preacher, but was unsuccessful in obtaining a permanent living. He was then employed by James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos, as tutor to his nephew, James Henry Leigh. [1] EducationLeigh Hunt was educated at Christ's Hospital in Horsham, West Sussex from 1791 to 1799, a period that Hunt described in his autobiography. Thomas Barnes was a school friend of his. One of the boarding houses at Christ's Hospital is named after Hunt. As a boy, Hunt was an admirer of Thomas Gray and William Collins, writing many verses in imitation of them. A speech impediment, later cured, prevented Hunt from going to university. "For some time after I left school," he says, "I did nothing but visit my school-fellows, haunt the book-stalls and write verses." Hunt's first poems were published in 1801 under the title of Juvenilia, introducing him into British literary and theatrical society. He began to write for the newspapers, and published in 1807 a volume of theatre criticism, and a series of Classic Tales with critical essays on the authors. Hunt's early essays were published by Edward Quin, editor and owner of The Traveller.[2] FamilyIn 1809, Leigh Hunt married Marianne Kent (whose parents were Thomas and Ann). Over the next 20 years, the couple had ten children: Thornton Leigh (1810–73), John Horatio Leigh (1812–46), Mary Florimel Leigh (1813–49), Swinburne Percy Leigh (1816–27), Percy Bysshe Shelley Leigh (1817–99), Henry Sylvan Leigh (1819–76), Vincent Leigh (1823–52), Julia Trelawney Leigh (1826–72), Jacyntha Leigh (1828–1914), and Arabella Leigh (1829–30).[3] Marianne Hunt, in poor health for most of her life, died on 26 January 1857 at age 69. Leigh Hunt made little mention of his family in his autobiography. Marianne's sister, Elizabeth Kent (Hunt's sister-in-law), became his amanuensis.{{sfn|Hay|2008}} NewspapersThe ExaminerIn 1808, Hunt left the War Office, where he had been working as a clerk, to become editor of the The Examiner, a newspaper founded by his brother, John Hunt. His brother Robert Hunt contributed to its columns. Robert Hunt's criticism earned the enmity of William Blake, who described the Examiner's office as containing a "nest of villains".[4] Blake's response also included Leigh Hunt. Hunt had published several vitriolic reviews in 1808 and 1809 and had added Blake's name to a list of so-called "quacks".[5] The Examiner soon acquired a reputation for unusual political independence; it would attack any worthy target, "from a principle of taste," as John Keats expressed it. In 1813, the Examiner attacked the Prince Regent George. The British government tried the three Hunt brothers and sentenced them to two years in prison. resulted. Leigh Hunt served his term at the Surrey County Gaol.[6] Leigh Hunt's visitors at Surrey County Gaol included Lord Byron, Thomas Moore,[7] Lord Henry Brougham, and Charles Lamb. The stoicism with which Leigh Hunt bore his imprisonment attracted general attention and sympathy. His imprisonment allowed him many luxuries and access to friends and family, and Lamb described his decorations of the cell as something not found outside a fairy tale. When Jeremy Bentham called on him, he found Hunt playing battledore.[1] From 1814 to 1817, Lehigh Hunt and Hazlitt wrote a series of essays in The Examiner that they titled "The Round Table". These essays were published in two volumes in 1817 in The Round Table. Twelve of the 52 essays were written by Hunt, the rest by Hazlitt.[8] The ReflectorFrom 1810 to 1811, Leigh Hunt edited a quarterly magazine, the Reflector, for his brother John. He wrote "The Feast of the Poets" for publication. His work was a satire that offended many contemporary poets, particularly William Gifford. The IndicatorFrom 1819 to 1821, Hunt edited The Indicator, a weekly literary periodical published by Joseph Appleyard. Hunt probably wrote much of the content, which included reviews, essays, stories, and poems.[9][10] The CompanionFrom January to July 1828, Hunt edited The Companion, a weekly literary periodical published by Hunt and Clarke. The journal dealt with books, theatrical productions and miscellaneous topics.[11] PoetryIn 1816, Hunt published the poem Story of Rimini. This work was based on the tragic episode of Francesca da Rimini as told in Dante's Inferno.[12] Hunt's preference was decidedly for Chaucer's verse style, as adapted to modern English by John Dryden. This was in contrast to the epigrammatic couplet of Alexander Pope . The Story of Rimini is an optimistic narrative which runs contrary to the tragic nature of its subject. Hunt's flippancy and familiarity, often degenerating into the ludicrous, subsequently made him a target for ridicule and parody. In 1818, Hunt published a collection of poems entitled Foliage, followed in 1819 by Hero and Leander, and Bacchus and Ariadne. In the same year he reprinted The Story of Rimini and The Descent of Liberty with the title of Poetical Works. Hunt also started the Indicator. Both Keats and Shelley belonged to a literary group that gathered around Hunt at Hampstead. The Hunt Circle also included Hazlitt, Lamb, Bryan Procter, Benjamin Haydon, Charles Cowden Clarke, C.W. Dilke, Walter Coulson and John Hamilton Reynolds. This group was known pejoratively as the Cockney School.[6] Some of Hunt's most popular poems are "Jenny kiss'd Me", "Abou Ben Adhem" and "A Night-Rain in Summer". Friendship with Keats and ShelleyHunt maintained close friendships with both Keats and Shelley. Shelley's financial help saved Hunt from ruin. In return, Hunt provided Shelley with support during his family problems and defended him in the Examiner. Hunt introduced Keats to Shelley and wrote a very generous appreciation of him in the Indicator. Keats seems, however, to have subsequently felt that Hunt's example as a poet had been in some respects detrimental to him. After Shelley's left for Italy in 1818, Hunt experienced more financial difficulties. In addition, both his health and that of his wife Marianne failed. As a result, Hunt was forced to discontinue the Indicator (1819–1821), having, he says, "almost died over the last numbers." Trip to ItalyShelley suggested that Hunt join him and Byron in Italy to establish a quarterly magazine. The advantage is that they would be able to publish Liberal opinions without repression from the British government. Byron's motive for this proposal was allegedly to acquire more influence over the Examiner with Hunt out of England. However, Byron soon discovered that Hunt was no longer interested in the Examiner. Leigh Hunt left England for Italy in November 1821, but storm, sickness and misadventure delayed his arrival until 1 July 1822. Thomas Love Peacock compared their voyage to that of the character Ulysses in Homer's Odyssey. Several weeks after Hunt arrived in Italy, Shelley died. Hunt was now virtually dependent upon Byron, who was not interested in supporting him and his family. Byron's friends also scorned Hunt. The Liberal lived through four quarterly numbers, containing contributions no less memorable than Byron's "Vision of Judgment" and Shelley's translations from Faust. In 1823 Byron left Italy for Greece, abandoning the quarterly. Hunt remained in Genoa. Enjoying the Italian climate and culture, Hunt stayed in Italy until 1825. During this period, he created Ultra-Crepidarius: a Satire on William Gifford (1823), and his translation (1825) of Francesco Redi's Bacco in Toscana. Return to EnglandIn 1825, due to a lawsuit with one of his brothers, Hunt returned to England. In 1828, Hunt published Lord Byron and some of his Contemporaries. The work was designed to counter what Hunt perceived as an inaccurate publish image of Byron. The public was shocked that Hunt, who had been obliged to Byron for so much, would "bite the hand that fed him". Hunt especially writhed under the withering satire of Moore. During his later years, Hunt continued to suffer from poverty and sickness. He worked unremittingly, but one effort failed after another. Two journalistic ventures, the Tatler (1830–1832), a daily devoted to literary and dramatic criticism, and London Journal (1834–1835) failed, even though London Journal contained some of his best writing. Hunt's editorship (1837–1838) of the Monthly Repositorywas also unsuccessful. In 1832 Hunt published by subscription a collected edition of his poems. The subscribers included many of his opponents. Also in 1832, Hunt printed for private circulation Christianism, the work afterwards published (1853) as The Religion of the Heart. A copy sent to Thomas Carlyle secured his friendship, and Hunt went to live next door to him in Cheyne Row in 1833. Hunt's romance, Sir Ralph Esher, about Charles II's was successful. Captain Sword and Captain Pen, published in 1835, a spirited contrast between the victories of peace and the victories of war, deserves to be ranked among his best poems.[13] In 1840 Hunt's play Legend of Florence had a successful engagement at Covent Garden, helping him financially. Lover's Amazements, a comedy, was acted several years afterwards, and was printed in Journal (1850–1851); other plays remained in manuscript. Also in 1840 Hunt wrote introductory notices to the work of Sheridan and to Edward Moxon's edition of the works of William Wycherley, William Congreve, John Vanbrugh and George Farquhar, a work which furnished the occasion of Macaulay's essay on the Dramatists of the Restoration. The narrative poem The Palfrey was published in 1842. During the 1830's, Hunt also wrote for the Edinburgh Review Final yearsIn 1844 Mary Shelley and her son, on succeeding to the family estates, settled an annuity of £120 upon Hunt (Rossetti 1890). In 1847 Lord John Russell set up a pension of £200 for Hunt. With his finances in better shape, Hunt published the companion books Imagination and Fancy (1844) and Wit and Humour (1846). These were two volumes of selections from English poets, which displayed his refined, discriminating critical tastes. Hunt also published a book on the pastoral poetry of Sicily, A Jar of Honey from Mount Hybla (1848). The Town (2 vols., 1848) and Men, Women and Books (2 vols., 1847) are partly made up from former material. The Old Court Suburb (2 vols., 1855; ed. A Dobson, 2002) is a sketch of Kensington, where Hunt long resided. In 1850 Hunt published his Autobiography (3 vols.). It has been described as a naive and affected, but accurate, piece of self-portraiture. Hunt published A Book for a Corner (2 vols.) in 1849 and Table Talk appeared in 1851. In 1855, he published his narrative poems, both original and translated, under the title Stories in Verse. Hunt died in Putney in London on 28 August 1859. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. In September 1966 Christ's Hospital named one of its houses in memory of Hunt. in a letter of 25 September 1853, Dickens stated that Hunt inspired the character Harold Skimpole in Bleak House; "I suppose he is the most exact portrait that was ever painted in words! ... It is an absolute reproduction of a real man". A contemporary critic commented, "I recognized Skimpole instantaneously; ... and so did every person whom I talked with about it who had ever had Leigh Hunt's acquaintance."[14] G. K. Chesterton suggested that Dickens "may never once have had the unfriendly thought, 'Suppose Hunt behaved like a rascal!'; he may have only had the fanciful thought, 'Suppose a rascal behaved like Hunt!'" (Chesterton 1906). Other works
His Poetical Works (2 vols.), revised by himself and edited by Lee, were printed at Boston in 1857, and an edition (London and New York) by his son, Thornton Hunt, appeared in 1860. Among volumes of selections are Essays (1887), ed. A. Symons; Leigh Hunt as Poet and Essayist (1889), ed. C. Kent; Essays and Poems (1891), ed. R. B. Johnson for the "Temple Library". Hunt's Autobiography was revised shortly before his death, and edited (1859) by Thornton Hunt, who also arranged his Correspondence (2 vols., 1862). Additional letters were printed by the Cowden Clarkes in their Recollections of Writers (1878). The Autobiography was edited (2 vols., 1903) with full bibliographical note by Roger Ingpen. A bibliography of Hunt's works was compiled by Alexander Ireland (List of the Writings of William Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt, 1868). There are short lives of Hunt by Cosmo Monkhouse ("Great Writers," 1893) and by RB Johnson (1896). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Volume 28 (2004). Notes1. ^1 {{cite DNB|wstitle =Hunt, James Henry Leigh|first =Alexander|last = Ireland|authorlink=Alexander Ireland (journalist)|volume=60|quote=}} 2. ^{{cite DNB|wstitle=Quin, Edward|last= Donoghue|first=David James|authorlink=David James O'Donoghue|volume=47}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/HuntLeigh.html|title=LEIGH HUNT|website=www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk|accessdate=27 January 2018}} 4. ^{{cite book| last=Symons| first=Arthur| authorlink=Arthur Symons| title=William Blake| url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_Blake_%28Symons%29/William_Blake#150| year=1907| pages=150| publisher=Dutton| location=New York}} 5. ^{{cite book| last1=Blake| first1=William| last2=Essick| first2=Robert N.| last3=Viscomi| first3=Joseph| title=Milton a poem, and the final illuminated works: The ghost of Abel, On Homers poetry, [and] On Virgil, Laocoön| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEflqI3X0IEC&pg=PA151| accessdate=2 December 2010| date=1998-09-04| publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=978-0-691-00148-7| page=151}} 6. ^1 Roe, Nicholas. "'The Hunt Era': Jeffrey N. Cox, Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School: Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle and The Examiner, 1818–1822, introduced by Yasuo Deguchi." Romanticism on the Net 14 (May 1999). Accessed 19 December 2006. 7. ^See Byron's "To Thomas Moore : Written The Evening Before His Visit To Mr. Leigh Hunt In Horsemonger Lane Gaol, May 19, 1813". 8. ^Hazlitt, William. The Complete Works of William Hazlitt (ed. P.P. Howe), vol. 4. London: Dent & Sons, 1910, "Bibliographical Note" and "Advertisement to the Edition of 1817" (unpaginated). 9. ^{{cite book|last=Hayden|first=John O.|title=The Romantic Reviewers, 1802–1824|year=1969|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=263}} 10. ^{{cite journal|editor=Hunt, Leigh|title=The Indicator, 1819–1821|issue= 1–76|location=London|publisher=Joseph Appleyard|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000058991}} 11. ^{{cite journal|title=The Companion|year=1828|issue= 1–29|location=London|publisher=Hunt and Clarke|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000526498}} 12. ^"The following story is founded on a passage in Dante, the substance of which is contained in the concluding paragraph of the third canto. For the rest of the incidents, generally speaking, the praise or blame remains with myself." (Hunt, "Preface"). 13. ^{{Cite book |title=Captain Sword and Captain Pen. A poem by Leigh Hunt; With Some Remarks on War and Military Statesmen |publisher=Charles Knight, Ludgate Street |place=London |year= 1835 |page= |url=https://archive.org/stream/captainsword00huntrich#page/n7/mode/2up|accessdate= 8 December 2016|via= Internet Archive}} 14. ^Page, Norman, editor, Bleak House, Penguin Books, 1971, p. 955 (note 2 to Chapter 6). 15. ^Daisy Hay. "Elizabeth Kent's Collaborators". Romanticism Volume 14, Number 3, 2008 pp. 272–281 References{{refbegin|30em}}
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15 : 1784 births|1859 deaths|English essayists|English memoirists|English male journalists|19th-century English poets|Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery|Victorian poets|People educated at Christ's Hospital|People from Southgate, London|English literary critics|English autobiographers|19th-century English writers|Male essayists|English male poets |
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