“Lemnian language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Lemnian language was a language spoken on the island of Lemnos in the 6th century BC. It is mainly attested by an inscription found on a funerary stele, termed the Lemnos stele, discovered in 1885 near Kaminia. Fragments of inscriptions on local pottery show that it was spoken there by a community.^[1] In 2009, a newly discovered inscription was reported from the site of Hephaistia, the principal ancent city of Lemnos.^[2] Lemnian is largely accepted as being closely related to Etruscan.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] After the Athenians conquered the island in the latter half of the 6th century BC, Lemnian was replaced by Attic Greek.

Writing system

The Lemnian inscriptions are in Western Greek alphabet, also called "red alphabet". The red type is found in most parts of central and northern mainland Greece (Thessaly, Boeotia and most of the Peloponnese), as well as the island of Euboea, and in colonies associated with these places, including most colonies in Italy. ^[8] The alphabet used for Lemnian inscriptions is similar to an archaic variant used to write the Etruscan language in southern Etruria.^[9]

Classification

A relationship between Lemnian and Etruscan, as a Tyrsenian language family, has been proposed by German linguist Helmut Rix due to close connections in vocabulary and grammar. For example,

Rix's Tyrsenian family has been confirmed by Stefan Schumacher,^[10]^[11] ^[12]^[13] Carlo De Simone ^[14] and Simona Marchesini.^[15] Common features between Lemnian, Etruscan, and Rhaetic have been found in morphology, phonology, and syntax. On the other hand, lexical correspondences are rarely documented, due to the scanty number of Rhaetian and Lemnian texts, and, above all, due to the very ancient date at which these languages split, because the split must have taken place before the Bronze Age, much earlier than was suggested by Rix.^[16]^[17]

The Tyrsenian family, or Common Tyrrhenic, in this case is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe.^[18]

The Lemnian language could have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula.^[19]

Vowels

Like Etruscan, the Lemnian language appears to have had a four-vowel system, consisting of "i", "e", "a" and "u". Other languages in the neighbourhood of the Lemnian area, namely Hittite and Akkadian, had similar four-vowel systems, suggesting early areal influence.

Lemnos Stele

The stele was found built into a church wall in Kaminia and is now at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. The 6th century date is based on the fact that in 510 BC the Athenian Miltiades invaded Lemnos and Hellenized it.^[20] The stele bears a low-relief bust of a man and is inscribed in an alphabet similar to the western ("Chalcidian") Greek alphabet. The inscription is in Boustrophedon style, and has been transliterated but had not been successfully translated until serious linguistic analysis based on comparisons with Etruscan, combined with breakthroughs in Etruscan's own translation started to yield fruit.

The inscription consists of 198 characters forming 33 to 40 words, word separation sometimes indicated with one to three dots. The text consists of three parts, two written vertically and one horizontally. Comprehensible is the phrase aviš sialχviš ("aged sixty", B.3), reminiscent of Etruscan avils maχs śealχisc ("and aged sixty-five").

Hephaistia inscription

Another Lemnian inscription has been found during excavations at Hephaistia on the island of Lemnos.^[21] The inscription consists of 26 letters arranged in two lines of boustrophedonic script.

See also

Notes

1. ^Bonfante, p. 11.
2. ^de Simone
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/LX/LemnianLanguage.html |title=Lemnian language |website=Mlahanas.de |date= |accessdate=2016-12-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505101746/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/LX/LemnianLanguage.html |archivedate=2017-05-05 |df= }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://etruskisch.de/pgs/og.htm |title=Origins of the Etruscans |website=Etruskisch.de |date= |accessdate=2016-12-03}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://lila.sns.it/mnamon/index.php?page=Lingua&id=26&lang=en |title=Lemnian |website=Lila.sns.it |date= |accessdate=2016-12-03}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://etruskisch.de/pgs/og.htm |title=Origins of the Etruscans |publisher=Etruskisch.de |date= |accessdate=2016-12-03}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.carolandray.plus.com/Eteocretan/Lemnian.html |title=The Lemnos Stele |website=Carolandray.plus.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-03}}
8. ^{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Roger D.|last=Woodard|chapter=Phoinikeia grammata: an alphabet for the Greek language|title=A companion to the ancient Greek language|editor-first=Egbert J.|editor-last=Bakker|place=Oxford|pp=26-46|publisher=Blackwell|year=2010}}
9. ^{{cite book |last=Marchesini |first=Simona |date=2009 |title=Le lingue frammentarie dell'Italia antica|edition=1st |language=Italian|publisher= Hoepli |location=Milan|pp=105-106}}
10. ^Schumacher, Stefan (1994) Studi Etruschi in Neufunde ‘raetischer’ Inschriften Vol. 59 pp. 307-320 (German)
11. ^Schumacher, Stefan (1994) Neue ‘raetische’ Inschriften aus dem Vinschgau in Der Schlern Vol. 68 pp. 295-298 (German)
12. ^Schumacher, Stefan (1999) Die Raetischen Inschriften: Gegenwärtiger Forschungsstand, spezifische Probleme und Zukunfstaussichten in I Reti / Die Räter, Atti del simposio 23-25 settembre 1993, Castello di Stenico, Trento, Archeologia delle Alpi, a cura di G. Ciurletti - F. Marzatico Archaoalp pp. 334-369 (German)
13. ^Schumacher, Stefan (2004) Die Raetischen Inschriften. Geschichte und heutiger Stand der Forschung Archaeolingua. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft. (German)
14. ^de Simone Carlo (2009) La nuova iscrizione tirsenica di Efestia in Aglaia Archontidou, Carlo de Simone, Emanuele Greco (Eds.), Gli scavi di Efestia e la nuova iscrizione ‘tirsenica’, TRIPODES 11, 2009, pp. 3-58. Vol. 11 pp. 3-58 (Italian)
15. ^¹Carlo de Simone, Simona Marchesini (Eds), La lamina di Demlfeld [= Mediterranea. Quaderni annuali dell'Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà italiche e del Mediterraneo antico del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Supplemento 8], Pisa – Roma: 2013.
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Lingua&id=41&lang=en |title=Raetic (languages) |author=Simona Marchesini (translation by Melanie Rockenhaus) |date= 2013|website=Mnamon - Ancient Writing Systems in the Mediterranean|publisher=Scuola Normale Superiore|access-date=26 July 2018 |quote=}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/raetica/wiki/Raetica |title=Raetica |author=Kluge Sindy, Salomon Corinna, Schumacher Stefan|date= 2013-2018|website=Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum|publisher= Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna|access-date=26 July 2018 |quote=}}
18. ^Mellaart, James (1975), "The Neolithic of the Near East" (Thames and Hudson)
19. ^{{cite web|last1=De Ligt|first1=Luuk|title=An Eteocretan' inscription from Praisos and the homeland of the Sea Peoples|url=http://www.talanta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/TAL-40-412008-2009-pag-151-172-DeLigt.pdf|website=talanta.nl|publisher=ALANTA XL-XLI (2008-2009), 151-172}}
20. ^Herodotus, 6.136-140
21. ^Carlo de Simone, La Nuova Iscrizione ‘Tirsenica’ di Lemnos (Efestia, teatro): considerazioni generali, Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 1, 2011. (Italian)