| 词条 | Martin Fleischmann |
| 释义 |
|name = Martin Fleischmann |image = Fleischmann-cf.jpg |image_size = |caption = Fleischmann showing part of his cold fusion test apparatus |birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|3|29|df=y}} |birth_place = Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia[1] |death_date = {{death date and age|2012|8|3|1927|3|29|df=y}} |death_place = Tisbury, England |residence = near Salisbury, England |citizenship = British[2] |nationality = British |ethnicity = |fields = Electrochemistry |workplaces = Durham University, Newcastle University, University of Southampton, University of Utah, IMRA |alma_mater = Imperial College London |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = Stanley Pons |known_for = Fundamental electrochemistry, work on cold fusion |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |awards = Fellow of the Royal Society |religion = |signature = |footnotes = }} Martin Fleischmann FRS (29 March 1927 – 3 August 2012) was a British chemist who worked in electrochemistry.[3][4] Premature announcement of his cold fusion research with Stanley Pons,[5] regarding excess heat in heavy water, caused a media sensation although they continued their interest and research in cold fusion.[5]{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} Personal lifeBorn in Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia, in 1927.[5] His father was a wealthy lawyer and his mother the daughter of a high-ranking Austrian civil officer.[6] Since his father was of Jewish heritage, Fleischmann's family abandoned a castle of their property and moved to the Netherlands and then to England in 1938, to avoid Nazi persecution.[5] His father died of the complications of injuries received in a Nazi prison and afterwards Fleischmann lived for a period with his mother in a leased cottage in Rustington, Sussex.[6] His early education was obtained at Worthing High School for Boys.[6] After serving in the Czech Airforce Training Unit during the war, he moved to London in order to obtain an undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in chemistry at Imperial College London.[6] His PhD degree was awarded in 1951 under the supervision of Professor Herrington and treated on the diffusion of electrogenerated hydrogen through palladium foils.[6] He met Shelia, his future wife, as a student and remained married to her for 62 years.[6] CareerElectrochemistry (1950s – 1983)Fleischmann's professional career was focused almost entirely on fundamental electrochemistry. Fleischmann went on to teach at King's College, Durham University,[5] which in 1963 became the newly established University of Newcastle upon Tyne.[7] In 1967, Fleischmann became Professor of Electrochemistry at the University of Southampton,[8] occupying the Faraday Chair of Chemistry.[5] From 1970 to 1972, he was president of the International Society of Electrochemists.[9] In 1973, together with Patrick J. Hendra and A. James McQuillan, he played an important role in the discovery of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering effect (SERS) a contribution for which the University of Southampton was awarded a National Chemical Landmark plaque by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2013,[10][11] and he developed the ultramicroelectrode in the 1980s.[12] In 1979, he was awarded the medal for electrochemistry and thermodynamics by the Royal Society of London. In 1982 he retired from the University of Southampton. In 1985 he received the Olin Palladium Award from the Electrochemical Society, and in 1986 was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society.[13] He retired from teaching in 1983 and was given an honorary professorship at Southampton University.[9] Fellowships, prizes and awards
Cold fusion (1983-1992)Fleischmann confided to Stanley Pons that he might have found what he believed to be a way to create nuclear fusion at room temperatures.[8] From 1983 to 1989, he and Pons spent $100,000 in self-funded experiments at the University of Utah.[5][8] Fleischmann wanted to publish it first in an obscure journal, and had already spoken with a team that was doing similar work in a different university for a joint publication.[28][29] The details have not surfaced, but it would seem that the University of Utah wanted to establish priority over the discovery and its patents by making a public announcement before the publication.[14][15] In an interview with 60 Minutes on 19 April 2009, Fleischmann said that the public announcement was the university's idea, and that he regretted doing it.[16] This decision would later cause heavy criticism against Fleischmann and Pons, being perceived as a breach of how science is usually communicated to other scientists.[15] On 23 March 1989 it was finally announced at a press conference as "a sustained nuclear fusion reaction,"[17] which was quickly labeled by the press as cold fusion[18][19] – a result previously thought to be unattainable. On 26 March Fleischmann warned on the Wall Street Journal Report not to try replications until a published paper was available two weeks later in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, but that did not stop hundreds of scientists who had already started work at their laboratories the moment they heard the news on 23 March,[20] and more often than not they failed to reproduce the effects.[38] Those who failed to reproduce the claim attacked the pair for fraudulent,[38][21] sloppy,[38][42][22] and unethical work;[23] incomplete,[24] unreproducible,[25] and inaccurate[25] results; and erroneous interpretations.[26] When the paper was finally published, both electrochemists and physicists called it "sloppy" and "uninformative", and it was said that, had Fleischmann and Pons waited for the publication of their paper, most of the trouble would have been avoided because scientists would not have gone so far in trying to test their work.[14][27] Fleischmann and Pons sued an Italian journalist who had published very harsh criticisms against them, but the judge rejected it saying that criticisms were appropriate given the scientists' behaviour, the lack of evidence since the first announcement, and the lack of interest shown by the scientific community, and that they were an expression of the journalist's "right of reporting".[28][29] Fleischmann, Pons and the researchers who believed that they had replicated the effect remained convinced the effect was real, but the general scientific community remains skeptical. In 2009, Michael McKubre concluded from his attempt to duplicate the "Fleischmann-Pons Effect", that there is "heat production consistent with nuclear but not chemical energy or known lattice storage effect".[30] This was an extension of the work done by Miles at the Navy Laboratory (NAWCWD) at China Lake, California (1990-1994).[31] Retirement (1992 – 2012)In 1992, Fleischmann moved to France with Pons to continue their work at the IMRA laboratory (part of Technova Corporation, a subsidiary of Toyota), but in 1995 he retired and returned to England.[32][33] He co-authored further papers with researchers from the US Navy[34][35] and Italian national laboratories (INFN and ENEA),[36] on the subject of cold fusion. In March 2006, "Solar Energy Limited" division "D2Fusion Inc" announced in a press release that Fleischmann, then 79, would be acting as their senior scientific advisor.[37] DeathFleischmann died at home in Tisbury, Wiltshire on 3 August 2012, of natural causes. He had suffered from Parkinson's disease, diabetes and heart disease.[4] He was survived by his son Nicholas and his two daughters, Vanessa and Charlotte.[6][38] LegacyWhile holding the Faraday Chair of Electrochemistry he and Graham Hills established in the late 60s the now renowned Electrochemistry Group of the University of Southampton.[6] Fleischmann produced over 272 scientific papers and book chapters on the field of electrochemistry.[6] He contributed to the fundamental theory of:
Peer-reviewed papers on "Cold Fusion"
|last=Fleischmann |first=Martin |last2=Pons |first2=Stanley |last3=Anderson |first3=Mark W. |last4=Li |first4=Lian Jun |last5=Hawkins |first5=Marvin |title=Calorimetry of the palladium-deuterium-heavy water system |journal=Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry |volume=287 |year=1990 |pages=293–348 |doi=10.1016/0022-0728(90)80009-U |postscript= |issue=2}}
|last=Fleischmann |first=Martin |last2=Pons |first2=Stanley |title=Some Comments on The Paper 'Analysis of Experiments on The Calorimetry of LiOD-D2O Electrochemical Cells,' R.H. Wilson et al., Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 332, (1992) |journal=Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry |volume=332 |issue=1–2 |year=1992 |pages=33–53 |doi=10.1016/0022-0728(92)80339-6 |postscript=}}
|year=1993 |title=Calorimetry of the Pd-D2O system: from simplicity via complications to simplicity |journal=Physics Letters A |volume=176 |issue=1–2 |pages=118–129 |doi=10.1016/0375-9601(93)90327-V |last2=Pons |first2=S |postscript= |bibcode=1993PhLA..176..118F}} References1. ^{{cite book |author=Taubes, Gary |authorlink=Gary Taubes |title=Bad science: the short life and weird times of cold fusion |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=1993 |pages= 6|isbn=978-0-394-58456-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} 2. ^{{cite journal | last = Voss | first = D | title = What Ever Happened to Cold Fusion | journal = Physics World | date = 1999-03-01 | accessdate = 2008-05-01 | url = http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/1258}} 3. ^{{cite news | last = Svensson | first = Peter| title = 'Cold fusion' co-discoverer Martin Fleischmann dies | newspaper = Christian Science Monitor | date = 7 August 2012| url = http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2012/0807/Cold-fusion-co-discoverer-Martin-Fleischmann-dies| accessdate = 2012-08-09}} By Associated Press. 4. ^1 {{cite news | last = Adams | first = Brooke | title = Martin Fleischmann, co-discoverer of ‘cold fusion,’ is dead| newspaper = The Salt Lake Tribune| date = 6 August 2012| url = http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/54640856-78/fleischmann-fusion-cold-research.html.csp| accessdate = 2012-08-09}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite journal | last1 = Ball | first1 = P. | title = Martin Fleischmann (1927–2012) | doi = 10.1038/489034a | journal = Nature | volume = 489 | issue = 7414 | pages = 34–39 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22955604| pmc = | bibcode = 2012Natur.489...34B }} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book|last1=Pletcher|first1=D.|last2=Tian|first2=Z.-Q.|last3=Williams|first3=D.E.|title=Developments in Electrochemistry: Science Inspired by Martin Fleischmann|date=2014|publisher=Wiley|location=Chichester|isbn=9781118694435}} 7. ^King's College {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318215545/http://www.dur.ac.uk/library/asc/collection_information/cldload/?collno=547 |date=18 March 2011 }}, Official Records of Durham University. 8. ^1 2 {{cite news | title = What If Cold Fusion Is Real?|author = Charles Platt | date = November 1998|work = Wired | url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.11/coldfusion.html?pg=2&topic=&topic_set= | page = 2 }} 9. ^1 {{cite news | title = Brilliance and Recklessness Seen in Fusion Collaboration | author = William J. Broad|date =1989-05-09|work=The New York Times|url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE4DA163CF93AA35756C0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all }} 10. ^1 {{cite web | last = Shelley | first = Tom | title = Tiny reflectors boost sensing a billion| publisher = Eureka | date = October 2006| url = http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/foct06ra.htm| accessdate = 2007-12-27}} 11. ^{{cite journal | last = Fleischmann | first = M.|authorlink = Martin Fleischman |author2=PJ Hendra |author3=AJ McQuillan | title = Raman Spectra of Pyridine Adsorbed at a Silver Electrode| journal = Chemical Physics Letters| volume = 26| issue = 2| pages = 163–166| date = 15 May 1974|doi=10.1016/0009-2614(74)85388-1 |bibcode = 1974CPL....26..163F }} 12. ^Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, 2000. 13. ^{{cite web | title = Fellows of the Royal Society |publisher = The Royal Society | date = August 2008 | url=http://royalsociety.orgdownloaddoc.asp?id=5150 | format = pdf | accessdate = 2009-02-17}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}} 14. ^1 2 Shamoo, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RLZin-f9eooC&pg=PA86&vq=announcement 86] 15. ^1 2 Simon, 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dEJJqgw8pvwC&pg=PA28&vq=announcement 28-36] 16. ^Cold Fusion is Hot Again, CBS News http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/04/17/60minutes/main4952167_page4.shtml 17. ^Press release, published in Huizenga, Cold fusion, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 289 18. ^Simon, 2002, p. 39. Simon says that the first article naming Fleischmann's work as "cold fusion" was: Jerry Bishop, Wall Street Journal, "Research in Utah to announce a development in fusion energy", 23 March 1989, or "Scientist sticks to claimed test-tube fusion advance", 27 March. 19. ^{{Cite journal |last=Fleischmann |first=Martin|last2=Pons |first2=Stanley |authorlink2=Stanley Pons |last3=Hawkins |first3=M.|title=Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium|journal=Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry|volume=261|issue=2A|pages=301–308|year=1989|doi=10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3 |postscript=}}, and errata in Vol. 263. 20. ^Simon, 2002, page [https://books.google.com/books?id=dEJJqgw8pvwC&pg=PA35&vq=23+march 35] 21. ^{{cite book |title= Science, Reason, and Rhetoric |author1=Henry Krips |author2=J. E. McGuire |author3=Trevor Melia |edition= illustrated |editors= University of Pittsburgh Press|year= 1995|isbn= 978-0-8229-3912-2|pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=FfWUte2S3Y0C&pg=PR16 xvi]|publisher= University of Pittsburgh Press|location= Pittsburgh, Pa.}} 22. ^{{cite book|title= Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment|author1=Michael B. Schiffer |author2=Kacy L. Hollenback |author3=Carrie L. Bell |edition= illustrated|editors= University of California Press|year= 2003|isbn= 978-0-520-23802-2|pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=9TuH6Lg8IasC&pg=PA207 207]|publisher= Univ. of California Press|location= Berkeley, Calif. }} 23. ^1 2 3 Shamoo, 2003, pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=RLZin-f9eooC&pg=PA76 76], [https://books.google.com/books?id=RLZin-f9eooC&pg=PA97 97] 24. ^1 Simon, 2002, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dEJJqgw8pvwC&pg=PA119 119] 25. ^1 {{cite book |author=Taubes, Gary|title=Bad science: the short life and weird times of cold fusion|publisher=Random House|location=New York|year=1993|pages= 6|isbn=978-0-394-58456-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} 26. ^{{cite book|title= Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line|author= Thomas F. Gieryn|edition= illustrated|editors= University of Chicago Press|year = 1999|isbn = 978-0-226-29262-5|pages = 204|url = https://books.google.com/?id=GljD3CHbDx0C&pg=PA204|publisher= University of Chicago Press|location= Chicago}} 27. ^Simon, 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dEJJqgw8pvwC&lpg=PA43&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q=&f=false p. 43] 28. ^Simon, 2002, pags. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dEJJqgw8pvwC&pg=PA110&dq=Fleischmann+Pons+Repubblica+Pace 110-112] 29. ^{{cite book| title=Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud| author=Robert L. Park| edition=reprint| editors=Oxford University Press| year=2002| isbn=978-0-19-860443-3| pages=123–124| url=https://books.google.com/?id=xzCK6-Kqs6QC&pg=PA123&dq=Giuliano+preparata+Repubblica| publisher=Oxford University Press| location=Oxford }} 30. ^{{cite book |title=15th Annual Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science |chapter=COLD FUSION, LENR, the Fleischmann-Pons Effect; ONE PERSPECTIVE on the STATE of the SCIENCE |editor1=Vittorio Violante |editor2=Francesca Sarto |author=McKubre, M.C.H. |year=2009 |isbn=978-88-8286-256-5 |publisher=Rome, Italy: ENEA }} 31. ^{{cite book |title=Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion |year=2003 |author=Miles, M. |chapter=Correlation Of Excess Enthalpy And Helium-4 Production: A Review. |editors=Peter L Hagelstein (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA) & Scott R Chubb (Naval Research Laboratory, USA) |publisher=Hackensack, New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing |isbn= 978-981-256-564-8}} 32. ^Simon, 2002, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dEJJqgw8pvwC&pg=PA137 137] 33. ^{{Cite news |last=Petit |first=Petit |title=Cold panacea: two researchers proclaimed 20 years ago that they'd achieved cold fusion, the ultimate energy solution. The work went nowhere, but the hope remains. |periodical=Science News |date=14 March 2009 |doi=10.1002/scin.2009.5591750622 |volume=175 |issue=6 |pages=20–24 |postscript= }} 34. ^Szpak, S., et al., Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition. Thermochim. Acta, 2004. 410: p. 101. 35. ^Mosier-Boss, P.A. and M. Fleischmann, Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System, ed. S. Szpak and P.A. Mosier-Boss. Vol. 2. Simulation of the Electrochemical Cell (ICARUS) Calorimetry. 2002: SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego, U.S. Navy. 36. ^Del Giudice, E., et al. Loading of H(D) in a Pd lattice. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua University Press 37. ^Park, Robert L. (31 March 2006), "Cold-Fusion Day: Does Fleischmann Still Brew Tea On Hot Plate?" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415020818/http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN06/wn033106.html |date=15 April 2012 }} What's New by Bob Park 38. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.salisburyjournal.co.uk/news/9872294.Electrochemist_Fleischmann_dies__aged_85/|title=Electrochemist Fleischmann dies, aged 85|newspaper=Salisbury Journal |access-date=2017-02-27}} Further reading
|title= Undead Science: Science Studies and the Afterlife of Cold Fusion |author= SIMON, Bart |edition= illustrated |editor= Rutgers University Press |year= 2002 |isbn= 978-0-8135-3154-0 |publisher= Rutgers University Press |location= New Brunswick, N.J. }}
|title= Responsible Conduct of Research |last1= SHAMOO |first1= Adil E. Shamoo |last2=Resnik |first2=David B. |edition= 2, illustrated |editor= Oxford University Press US |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-19-514846-6 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford }} External links{{Commonscat}}
15 : 1927 births|2012 deaths|Cold fusion|Academic scandals|Academics of the University of Southampton|British chemists|Electrochemists|British people of Czech descent|British people of Czech-Jewish descent|Alumni of Imperial College London|People educated at Worthing High School|University of Utah staff|Fellows of the Royal Society|Czechoslovak refugees|Deaths from Parkinson's disease |
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