| 词条 | Lennox Berkeley |
| 释义 |
Sir Lennox Randal Francis Berkeley (12 May 1903{{spaced ndash}}26 December 1989) was an English composer. BiographyHe was born in Oxford, England, and educated at the Dragon School, Gresham's School and Merton College, Oxford.[1] His father was Hastings George Fitzhardinge Berkeley, a captain in the Royal Navy and illegitimate son of George Lennox Rawdon Berkeley, 7th Earl of Berkeley (1827–1888). In 1927, he went to Paris to study music with Nadia Boulanger, and there he became acquainted with Francis Poulenc, Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, Arthur Honegger and Albert Roussel. Berkeley also studied with Maurice Ravel, often cited as a key influence in Berkeley's technical development as a composer. In 1936 he met Benjamin Britten, another old boy of Gresham's School, at the ISCM Festival in Barcelona. Berkeley fell in love with Britten, who appears to have been wary of entering a relationship, writing in his diary, "we have come to an agreement on that subject."[2][3] Nevertheless, the two composers shared a house for a year, living in the Old Mill at Snape, Suffolk, which Britten had acquired in July 1937.[4] They subsequently enjoyed a long friendship and artistic association, collaborating on a number of works; these included the suite of Catalan dances titled Mont Juic, and Variations on an Elizabethan Theme (the latter also with four other composers). He worked for the BBC during the Second World War, where he met his future wife, Freda Bernstein, whom he married in 1946.[5][6] Lady Berkeley died in 2016.[7] He wrote several piano works for the pianist Colin Horsley, who commissioned the Horn Trio and some piano pieces, and gave the first performances and/or made the premier recordings of a number of his works, including his third Piano Concerto (1958).[8] He was Professor of Composition in the Royal Academy of Music from 1946 to 1968 and his pupils included Richard Rodney Bennett, David Bedford, Clive Strutt and John Tavener. 1954 saw the premiere of his first opera, Nelson, at Sadler's Wells. He was knighted in 1974 and from 1977–83 was President of the Cheltenham Festival. His eldest son, Michael Berkeley, Baron Berkeley of Knighton, is also a composer. His youngest son is the photographer Nick Berkeley. He resided at 8 Warwick Avenue, London, from 1947 until his death in 1989.[9][10] Honours
Musical styleBerkeley's earlier music is broadly tonal, influenced by the neoclassical music of Stravinsky.[12] Berkeley's contact and friendship with composers such as Ravel and Poulenc and his studies in Paris with Boulanger lend his music a 'French' quality, demonstrated by its "emphasis on melody, the lucid textures and a conciseness of expression".[13] He maintained a negative view of atonal music at least up until 1948, when he wrote:[14] {{Quote|text=I have never been able to derive much satisfaction from atonal music. The absence of key makes modulation an impossibility, and this, to my mind, causes monotony [...] I am not, of course, in favour of rigidly adhering to the old key-system, but some sort of tonal centre seems to me a necessity.}}However, from the mid-1950s, Berkeley apparently felt a need to revise his style of composition, later telling the Canadian composer, R. Murray Schafer that "it's natural for a composer to feel a need to enlarge his idiom."[15] He started including tone rows and aspects of serial technique in his compositions around the time of the Concertino, op. 49 (1955) and the opera Ruth (1955-6). His shift in opinion was demonstrated in an interview with The Times in 1959:[16] {{Quote|text=I'm not opposed to serial music; I've benefited from studying it, and I have sometimes found myself writing serial themes - although I don't elaborate on them according to strict serial principles, because I'm quite definitely a tonal composer. And there are some exceptions to the gospel of intellectualisation - I enjoyed listening to the record of Boulez's Le marteau sans maître very much, because there the timbres of the music were attractive in themselves.}}Works(selected list) Opera
Orchestral
Choral
Solo vocal
Chamber
Piano
Guitar
Clarinet
Flute
Violin
Selected recordings
References1. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Levens|editor1-first=R.G.C.|title=Merton College Register 1900-1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|page=149}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Michael|title=Benjamin Britten|date=1996|publisher=Phaidon|location=University of Michigan|isbn=9780714832777|page=60}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title = Journeying Boy: The Diaries of the Young Benjamin Britten 1928-1938|last = Evans|first = John|publisher = Faber and Faber|year = 2010|isbn = 9780571274642|location = |pages = 366}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title = Journeying Boy: The Diaries of the Young Benjamin Britten 1928-1938|last = Evans|first = John|publisher = Faber and Faber|year = 2010|isbn = 9780571274642|location = |pages = 494}} 5. ^Peter Dickinson The Music of Lennox Berkeley – Page 77 2003 "Colin Horsley remembered Berkeley's time at the BBC because he was reputed to have kept manuscript paper under his desk and was obviously longing to get more time to compose. Since it was there that he met his wife it is no wonder ..." 6. ^{{cite web|last1=Scotland|first1=Tony|title=Lennox Berkeley and his Music (biography)|url=http://www.lennoxandfreda.com/biography/lennox_berkeley|accessdate=7 October 2014}} 7. ^Death notice, The Times, London, 25 February 2016, p.61 8. ^Musical leader 1958 Page 21 "Lennox Berkeley launched his Third Piano Concerto with Colin Horsley, for whom the work was written, at the Royal Philharmonic Society's Festival Hall series recently" 9. ^{{cite web|title=Historical plaques about Lennox Berkeley|url=http://openplaques.org/people/3378|website=Open Plaques|accessdate=29 September 2015}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Lennox Berkeley timeline|url=http://www.lennoxberkeley.org.uk/timeline.php|website=The Lennox Berkeley Society|accessdate=29 September 2015}} 11. ^Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1769-2005) 12. ^{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |last=Stevens |first=Douglas |date=2011 |title=Lennox Berkeley : a critical study of his music |publisher=University of Bristol}} 13. ^{{cite web|last1=Rushton|first1=James|title=Lennox Berkeley - Five Short Pieces (1936)|url=http://www.musicsalesclassical.com/composer/work/12080|website=Music Sales Classical|accessdate=29 September 2015}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Dickinson|first1=Peter|title=The music of Lennox Berkeley|date=2003|publisher=The Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge|isbn=9780851159362|page=161|edition=2nd}} 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Dickinson|first1=Peter|title=Lennox Berkeley and friends : writings, letters and interviews|date=2012|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge|isbn=9781843837855|page=9}} 16. ^{{cite book|last1=Dickinson|first1=ed. Peter|title=Lennox Berkeley and friends : writings, letters and interviews|date=2012|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge|isbn=9781843837855|page=110}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/introduction-and-allegro-for-solo-violin-ltedited-by-ivry-gitlisgt/oclc/498148650|title=Introduction and Allegro for Solo Violin. .|author=|date=21 April 2018|publisher=|accessdate=21 April 2018|via=Open WorldCat}} 18. ^Review Sextet May 2008, quote: Berkeley wrote his three movement Sextet for Clarinet, Horn and String Quartet, Op. 47 in 1954 for the Melos Ensemble. 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lennoxberkeley.org.uk/works.php?display=All+works&search=13|title=Works by Sir Lennox Berkeley (complete listing) (containing the keyword '13')|first=Thomas|last=Daly|date=|website=www.lennoxberkeley.org.uk|accessdate=21 April 2018}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.lennoxberkeley.org.uk/album.php?album_id=174|title=Three Pieces for Solo Viola|last1=Scotland|first1=Tony|first2=Terroni|last2=Raphael|publisher=Lennox Berkeley Society|accessdate=20 October 2018}} External links
16 : 20th-century classical composers|English classical composers|People from Oxford|People educated at The Dragon School|People educated at Gresham's School|Alumni of Merton College, Oxford|1903 births|1989 deaths|Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society|Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium|Academics of the Royal Academy of Music|Knights Bachelor|Composers awarded knighthoods|Pupils of Nadia Boulanger|Benjamin Britten|20th-century English musicians |
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