“Leo Durocher”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Leo Ernest Durocher ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|.|ʃ|ər}}; July 27, 1905 – October 7, 1991), nicknamed Leo the Lip and Lippy, was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as an infielder. Upon his retirement, he ranked fifth all-time among managers with 2,009 career victories, second only to John McGraw in National League history. Durocher still ranks tenth in career wins by a manager. A controversial and outspoken character, Durocher had a stormy career dogged by clashes with authority, the baseball commissioner, umpires (his 95 career ejections as a manager trailed only McGraw when he retired, and still rank fourth on the all-time list), and the press.

Early life

Leo Durocher was born in West Springfield, Massachusetts, on July 27, 1905, the youngest of four sons born to French Canadian parents. He was educated locally and became a prominent semi-professional athlete, with several employers competing to have him play on their company teams.^[1]

Playing career

After being scouted by the New York Yankees, Durocher broke into professional baseball with the Hartford Senators of the Eastern League in 1925. He was called up to the Yankees and played in two games. Durocher spent two more seasons in the minors, playing for the Atlanta Crackers of the Southern Association in 1926 and St. Paul Saints of the American Association in 1927.^[2]

Durocher rejoined the Yankees in 1928. A regular player, he was nicknamed "The All-American Out" by Babe Ruth.^[3] Durocher was a favorite of Yankee manager Miller Huggins, who saw in him the seeds of a great manager — the competitiveness, the passion, the ego, the facility for remembering situations. Durocher's outspokenness did not endear him to Yankee ownership, however, and his habit of passing bad checks to finance his expensive tastes in clothes and nightlife annoyed Yankee general manager Ed Barrow.

Durocher helped the team win their second consecutive World Series title in 1928 then demanded a raise and was later sold to the Cincinnati Reds on February 5, 1930. Durocher spent the remainder of his professional career in the National League.

After playing three seasons with the Reds, Durocher was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in mid-1933. Upon joining the Cardinals he was assigned uniform number 2,^[4] which he wore for the rest of his career, as player, coach and manager. That team, whose famous nickname "Gashouse Gang" was supposedly inspired by Durocher, were a far more appropriate match for him; in St. Louis, Durocher's characteristics as a fiery player and vicious bench jockey were given full rein. Durocher remained with the Cardinals through the 1937 season, captaining the team and winning the 1934 World Series (their third title in nine years) before being traded to the Brooklyn Dodgers.

Primarily a shortstop, Durocher played through 1945, though his last year as a regular was 1939; after that year he never played more than 62 games in a season. He was known as a solid fielder but a poor hitter. In 5,350 career at bats, he batted .247, hit 24 home runs and had 567 runs batted in.

Durocher was named to the NL's All-Star team three times, once with St. Louis and twice with the Dodgers. In the 1938 game in Cincinnati, Durocher hit the only Little League Home Run in All-Star Game history.^[5]

Also in 1938, Durocher made history of a sort by making the final out in Johnny Vander Meer's second consecutive no-hitter.^[6]

Managing

Managerial career

After the 1938 season — Durocher's first year as Brooklyn's starting shortstop — he was appointed player-manager by the Dodgers' new president and general manager, Larry MacPhail. The two were a successful and combustible combination. MacPhail spared no expense in purchasing and trading for useful players (and sometimes outright stars), such as Dolph Camilli, Billy Herman and Kirby Higbe. He also purchased shortstop Pee Wee Reese from the Boston Red Sox. By the end of the 1941 season, Reese impressed Durocher enough that he gave up his spot as the regular shortstop so Reese could get a chance to play, though Durocher would make "cameo" appearances in the lineup in 1943 and 1945. Other major purchases by MacPhail included another young star, Pete Reiser, when he was ruled a free agent from the Cardinals' farm system; and MacPhail found stalwarts such as American League veterans Dixie Walker and Whitlow Wyatt off the waiver wire.

In his first season as player-manager, Durocher came into his own. The most enduring image of Durocher is of him standing toe-to-toe with an umpire, vehemently arguing his case until his inevitable ejection from the game. Durocher's fiery temper and willingness to scrap came to epitomize the position for which he was to become most famous. As manager he valued these same traits in his players. His philosophy was best expressed in the phrase for which he is best, albeit inaccurately, remembered: "Nice guys finish last" (Durocher's actual phrasing "Nice guys, finish last" was a pair of clause fragments describing a team). Durocher once said, "Look at Mel Ott over there. He's a nice guy, and he finishes second. Now look at the Brat (Eddie Stanky). He can't hit, can't run, can't field. He's no nice guy, but all the little son-of-a-bitch can do is win."

Durocher was also notorious for ordering his pitchers to hit batters. Whenever he wanted a batter hit, he would yell, "Stick it in his ear!"

In 1939 the Dodgers were coming off six straight losing seasons, but Durocher led a quick turnaround. In 1941, his third season as manager, he led the Dodgers to a 100–54 record and the National League pennant, their first in 21 years. In the 1941 World Series the Dodgers lost to the Yankees in five games. They bettered their record in 1942, winning 104 games but just missing out on winning a second consecutive pennant.

Despite all the success of his first three years, Durocher and MacPhail had a tempestuous relationship. MacPhail was a notorious drinker, and he was as hot-tempered as his manager. He often fired Durocher in the midst of a night of drinking. The following morning, however, MacPhail inevitably hired Durocher back. Finally, at the end of the 1942 season, MacPhail's tenure with the Dodgers came to an end when he resigned to rejoin the United States Army. His replacement, former Cardinal boss Branch Rickey, retained Durocher as skipper. Durocher managed the Dodgers continuously through 1946 (having ceased as a player during the 1945 season), and led Brooklyn to the first postseason NL playoff series in history, where they lost to the Cardinals, two games to none.

Durocher also clashed regularly with Commissioner Albert "Happy" Chandler. Chandler, who had been named to the post in 1945, warned Durocher to stay away from some of his old friends who were gamblers, bookmakers, or had mob connections, and who had a free rein at Ebbets Field. Durocher was particularly close with actor George Raft, with whom he shared a Los Angeles house, and he admitted to a nodding acquaintance with Bugsy Siegel.

Durocher, who encouraged and participated in card schools within the clubhouse, was something of a pool shark himself and a friend to many pool hustlers. He also followed horse racing closely. Matters came to a head when Durocher's affair with married actress Laraine Day became public knowledge, drawing criticism from Brooklyn's influential Catholic Youth Organization.^[7] The two later eloped and married in Texas in 1947.^[8] In the 1950s, Day hosted a radio program called Day with the Giants, and later authored a book by the same title describing the life of a manager's wife.

Managerial record

Nice guys finish last

The saying "nice guys finish last" is a condensation by journalists of a quotation by Durocher^[10]—he did not originally say this form himself, though it has often been attributed to him, and he did appropriate it as his own. The original quotation was "The nice guys are all over there, in seventh place" (July 6, 1946)^[11]^[12] about the 1946 New York Giants—seventh place was next to last place in the National League. This was shortly afterwards rendered as "'Nice Guys' Wind Up in Last Place, Scoffs Lippy",^[13] thence its present form.^[12] Durocher is also credited with popularizing the metaphorical use of the phrase "capture lightning in a bottle" in a baseball context—it had previously been used to literally refer to Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment.

In his autobiography, Nice Guys Finish Last (1975), Durocher quoted himself incorrectly, 29 years afterward, as his sayings were contradicted by the contemporary records (see references above), although they show his philosophy, as epitomized in this maxim:

Suspension

During spring training 1947, Durocher became involved in an unseemly feud with Larry MacPhail, who had become a new co-owner of the Yankees. The Yankee boss had hired away two coaches from Durocher's 1946 staff (Chuck Dressen and Red Corriden) during the off-season, causing friction. Then, matters got worse.

In person, Durocher and MacPhail exchanged a series of accusations and counter-accusations, with each suggesting the other invited gamblers into their clubhouses. In the press, a ghostwritten article appeared under Durocher's name in the Brooklyn Eagle, seeking to stir the rivalry between their respective clubs and accusing baseball of a double standard for Chandler's warning him against his associations but not MacPhail or other baseball executives.

Chandler was pressured by MacPhail, a close friend who was pivotal in having him appointed Commissioner, but the commissioner also discovered Durocher and Raft might have run a rigged crap game that took an active ballplayer for a large sum of money. (The player's identity was never confirmed officially, but a former Detroit Tiger pitcher, Elden Auker, wrote in his 2002 memoir that it was a then-current Tiger pitcher, Dizzy Trout.) Chandler suspended Durocher for the 1947 season for "association with known gamblers".^[14]

Before being suspended, however, Durocher played a noteworthy role in erasing baseball's color line. In the spring of 1947, he let it be known that he would not tolerate the dissent of those players on the team who opposed Jackie Robinson's joining the club, saying:

He greatly admired Robinson for his hustle and aggression, calling him "a Durocher with talent."

While Durocher sat out his suspension, the Dodgers went on to win the NL pennant under an interim skipper, scout Burt Shotton. They then went on to lose the 1947 World Series to MacPhail's Yankees in seven games.

Move to New York Giants

Durocher returned for the 1948 season, but his outspoken personality and poor results on the field again caused friction with Rickey, and on July 16 Durocher, Rickey and New York Giants owner Horace Stoneham negotiated a deal whereby Durocher was let out of his Brooklyn contract to take over the Dodgers' cross-town rivals. He enjoyed perhaps his greatest success with the Giants, and possibly a measure of sweet revenge against the Dodgers, as the Giants won the 1951 NL pennant in a playoff against Brooklyn, ultimately triumphing on Bobby Thomson's historic game-winning "Shot 'Heard 'Round The World" home run.

Later with the Giants in 1954, Durocher won his only World Series championship as a manager by sweeping the heavily favored Cleveland Indians, who posted the highest American League winning percentage of all time (111–43) during the regular season.

After leaving the Giants following the 1955 season, Durocher worked at NBC, where he was a color commentator on the Major League Baseball on NBC and host of The NBC Comedy Hour and Jackpot Bowling. He later served as a coach for the Dodgers, by then relocated to Los Angeles, from 1961 to 1964.

During this period, Durocher, who had made his screen debut in the 1943 Red Skelton comedy Whistling in Brooklyn, played himself in many television shows. In an April 10, 1963 airing of The Beverly Hillbillies, Durocher plays golf with Jed Clampett (Buddy Ebsen) and Jethro Bodine (Max Baer, Jr.) and tries to sign Jethro to a baseball contract after discovering Jethro has a strong pitching arm. In an episode of The Munsters titled "Herman the Rookie," on April 8, 1965, Durocher believes Herman (Fred Gwynne) is the next Mickey Mantle when he sees the towering Munster hit long home runs. Football great Elroy Hirsch also appears with Durocher. Three years earlier, he also appeared as himself in an episode of Mr. Ed, when the talking horse gave batting tips to the Los Angeles Dodgers, helping them win the pennant. Durocher also appeared on television in the early 1950s on the CBS game show What's My Line? twice as a mystery guest (January 28, 1951 and May 31, 1953), the latter when his wife Day was a guest panelist.

Chicago Cubs

Durocher returned to the managerial ranks in 1966 with the Chicago Cubs. In several previous seasons, the Cubs had tried an experiment called the "College of Coaches", in which they were led by a "head coach" rather than a manager. However, at his first press conference, Durocher formally announced an end to the experiment by saying:

At the same press conference, Durocher declared, "I am not the manager of an eighth place team." He was right; the Cubs finished tenth in his first season, becoming the first team to finish behind the previously hapless New York Mets. In 1967, however, the Cubs started strongly and had only their second winning season since 1946. The team steadily improved, but in 1969, Durocher suffered one of his most remembered failures. The Cubs started the season on a tear, and led the newly created National League East for 105 days. By mid-August they had a seemingly insurmountable 9-game cushion, and they appeared to be a shoo-in for their first postseason appearance in 25 years. However, they floundered down the stretch, and finished eight games behind the "Miracle Mets" (who were 9½ games back in mid-August).

In a mid-July series against the Mets, the Cubs were beaten in the first two games at Shea Stadium,^[16] but finally managed to salvage the third game, after which Durocher was asked if those were the real Cubs.

While with the Cubs, Durocher encountered a difficult dilemma in regard to aging superstar Ernie Banks. While Banks' bad knees made him a liability, his legendary status made benching him impossible. Durocher also nearly came to blows with Cubs star Ron Santo during an infamous clubhouse near-riot. The problems were symbolic of Durocher's difficulty in managing the new breed of wealthier, more outspoken players who had come up during his long career. With the team threading along at 46-44, Durocher was fired midway through the 1972 season, later stating that his greatest regret in baseball was not being able to win a pennant for longtime Cubs owner P.K. Wrigley.

Houston Astros and beyond

Durocher managed the Houston Astros for the final 31 games of the 1972 season (posting a 16–15 record in that span) and the entire 1973 season (posting an 82–80 record) before retiring.

He made a brief comeback in 1976 in the Japanese Pacific League with the Taiheiyo Club Lions, but he retired due to illness (hepatitis) before the beginning of the season.^[17]

Retirement

Durocher finished his managerial career with a 2,008–1,709 record for a .540 winning percentage. He posted a winning record with each of the four teams he led, and was the first manager to win 500 games with three different clubs.

Durocher, with Ed Linn, wrote a memoir titled Nice Guys Finish Last, a book that was recently re-published by the University of Chicago Press.

Leo Durocher died in 1991 in Palm Springs, California at the age of 86, and is buried in Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles. He was posthumously inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1994.

Personal life

Durocher was married four times. He was married to Ruby Hartley from 1930 to 1934. He was married to St. Louis socialite Grace Dozier from 1934 to 1943. In 1947 he married actress Laraine Day, and they divorced in 1960. His fourth wife was Lynne Walker Goldblatt, to whom he was married from 1969 to 1980.^[18]^[19]

He adopted two children with Day, daughter Melinda Michele (1944–2012)^[21] and son Chris (born 1945).^[22]^[23]

Durocher had real comedic talent, and portrayed himself on episodes of The Munsters, The Joey Bishop Show, Mister Ed, The Beverly Hillbillies, Screen Directors Playhouse, and other shows.^[24] In the 2013 film 42, Durocher is played by Christopher Meloni.^[25]

See also

Bibliography

References

1. ^{{cite book | editor-last=Spatz | editor-first=Lyle | title=The Team That Forever Changed Baseball and America: The 1947 Brooklyn Dodgers | date=2012 | publisher=University of Nebraska Press and the Society for American Baseball Research | location=Lincoln, Neb. | isbn=978-0-8032-3992-0 | page=23 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJ3-FxuViDUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false | accessdate=March 5, 2016}}
2. ^H. W. Wilson Company, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3IsYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22leo+durocher%22+hartford+1926&dq=%22leo+durocher%22+hartford+1926&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5TsBU8GwNMamygG07YCYDw&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ Current Biography Yearbook], 1968, page 266
3. ^Joe Niese, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mjAMLYylcasC&pg=PA189&dq=%22leo+durocher%22+ruth+%22all+american+out%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Az0BU6-5HoTJygGsnoH4Dw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22leo%20durocher%22%20ruth%20%22all%20american%20out%22&f=false Burleigh Grimes: Baseball's Last Legal Spitballer], 2013, page 189
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thebaseballpage.com/players/durocle01.php|title=Leo Durocher Baseball Stats, facts, biography, images and video|publisher=The Baseball Page|date=|accessdate=December 3, 2013}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XHRHZx5X6tR1ScLK3MCvuFctBQq_JHPYJQKdnJGoqJQ/edit#gid=64175734|title=Little League Home Runs Database|publisher=SABR|date=|accessdate=April 17, 2017}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=Baseball's Top 100: The Game's Greatest Records|page=55|first=Kerry|last=Banks|year=2010|publisher=Greystone Books|location=Vancouver, BC|isbn=978-1-55365-507-7}}
7. ^{{cite news|title=Catholics Quit Dodgers Knothole Club In Protest Over the Conduct of Durocher|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/03/01/88763303.html?pageNumber=17|accessdate=March 4, 2016|newspaper=New York Times|date=March 1, 1947|page=17}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=Laraine Day and Durocher Are Married In El Paso After She Gets Mexican Divorce|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/01/22/88740360.html?pageNumber=25|accessdate=March 4, 2016|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=New York Times|date=January 22, 1947|page=25}}
9. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|title=Leo Durocher|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/managers/durocle01.shtml|website=Baseball Reference|publisher=Sports Reference|accessdate=September 25, 2015}}
10. ^{{cite news|first=Ray|last=Robinson|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5D71639F937A35757C0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print|title=A Bad Guy Who Finished First|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 4, 1993}}
11. ^N.Y. Journal American, 1946 July 7
12. ^¹The Yale Book of Quotations, Fred R. Shapiro, Yale University Press, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ck6bXqt5shkC&pg=PA221&dq=%22nice+guys+finish+last%22 p. 221]
13. ^Sporting News, 1946 July 17
14. ^{{cite news|last1=Effrat|first1=Louis|title=Chandler Bars Durocher For 1947 Baseball Season|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/04/10/88777421.html?pageNumber=1|accessdate=March 4, 2016|publisher=New York Times|date=April 10, 1947|page=1}}
15. ^Munzel, Edgar. "Bruins Give 3-Year Pact to Durocher." The Sporting News, 1965-11-06.
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1969/VCHN01969.htm |title=The 1969 Chicago Cubs Game Log |publisher=Retrosheet.org |date= |accessdate=December 3, 2013}}
17. ^Markus, Robert. "Feisty Baseball Legend Leo Durocher Dead At 86: Ex-player, Manager Lived Life On Own Terms," Chicago Tribune (October 8, 1991).
18. ^{{cite news | title=Durocher, 62, Is Married To Prominent Chicagoan, 40 | url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/06/20/78352383.html?pageNumber=46 | accessdate=March 5, 2016 | agency=United Press International | work=The New York Times | date=June 20, 1969 | page=46}}
19. ^Oxford University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wnMRAQAAMAAJ&q=leo+durocher+divorce+goldblatt&dq=leo+durocher+divorce+goldblatt&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LjYBU8rCC8blyAG9vYH4DQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg American National Biography: Dubuque-Fishbein], 1999, page 158.
20. ^Doug Feldmann, [https://books.google.com/books?id=u1I3hJOIuo8C&pg=PA200&dq=leo+durocher+daughter+barbara&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nzYBU-iFB8PmyQGSiYHwDg&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=leo%20durocher%20daughter%20barbara&f=false Dizzy and the Gas House Gang: The 1934 St. Louis Cardinals and Depression-Era Baseball], 2000, page 51
21. ^Coeur d'Alene Press, Obituary, Melinda Michele Thompson-Durocher, May 30, 2012
22. ^LIFE Magazine, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6E4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=%22leo+durocher%22+son+christopher&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rDkBU_fPKai9yAH4mIG4Ag&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22leo%20durocher%22%20son%20christopher&f=false Lippy's Loaded], April 2, 1951, page 45
23. ^Tim McCarver, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EYukP2zp56gC&q=%22leo+durocher%22+adopted+chris&dq=%22leo+durocher%22+adopted+chris&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7DoBU4G-PMqCygG--4CYBQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAQ Tim McCarver's Diamond Gems], 2008
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0244266/|title=Leo Durocher|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-19}}
25. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/meloni-plays-hard-fiery-manager-durocher-42-article-1.1313826 | title=Christopher Meloni channels his inner loudmouth as Dodgers skipper Leo Durocher in '42' | first=Bruce | last=Fretts | date=April 12, 2013 | work=New York Daily News}}