| 词条 | Leonard Read |
| 释义 |
| name = Leonard Read | school_tradition = Austrian School | image = Leonard_Read_w-_Mises,_Hazlitt_and_Fertig.jpg | image_size = | caption = Lawrence Fertig, Ludwig von Mises, Leonard Read and Henry Hazlitt (left to right) | birth_date = {{birth date|1898|09|26}} | birth_place = Hubbardston, Michigan, U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|1983|05|14|1898|09|26|mf=yes}} | death_place = | nationality = American | institution = Foundation for Economic Education (founder) | field = | alma_mater = | influences = Frédéric Bastiat Murray Rothbard Milton Friedman F.A. Hayek Henry Hazlitt Ludwig von Mises Albert Jay Nock Ayn Rand | influenced = | contributions = | awards = | signature = | repec_prefix = | repec_id = }}{{Austrian School sidebar}}{{Libertarianism in the United States sidebar}} Leonard Edward Read (September 26, 1898 – May 14, 1983) was the founder of the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE), which was one of the first modern libertarian institutions of its kind in the United States. He wrote 29 books and numerous essays, including the well-known "I, Pencil" (1958). Business careerAfter a stint in the United States Army Air Service during World War I, Read started a grocery wholesale business in Ann Arbor, Michigan, which was initially successful but eventually went out of business. He moved to California where he started a new career in the tiny Burlingame Chamber of Commerce near San Francisco. Read gradually moved up the hierarchy of the United States Chamber of Commerce, finally becoming general manager of the Los Angeles branch, America's largest, in 1939. Libertarian activismDuring this period his views became progressively more libertarian. Apparently, it was in 1933, during a meeting with William C. Mullendore, the executive vice president of Southern California Edison, that Read was finally convinced that the New Deal was completely inefficient and morally bankrupt. Read was also profoundly influenced by his religious beliefs. His pastor, Reverend James W. Fifield, was minister of the 4,000-member First Congregational Church of Los Angeles, of which Read was also a board member. Fifield ran a "resistance movement" against the "social gospel" of the New Deal, trying to convince ministers across the country to adopt libertarian "spiritual ideals". During the period when he worked for the Chamber of Commerce, Read was also deeply influenced by more secular figures, such as Albert Jay Nock, and later by Ayn Rand and the economists Ludwig von Mises and Henry Hazlitt. In 1945, Virgil Jordan, the President of the National Industrial Conference Board (NICB) in New York, invited Read to become its executive vice president. Read realized he would have to leave the NICB to pursue full-time the promotion of free market, limited government principles. He resigned as a result.[1][2] One donor from his short time at NICB, David M. Goodrich, encouraged Read to start his own organization. With Goodrich's aid, as well as financial aid from the William Volker Fund and from Harold Luhnow, Read and Hazlitt founded the Foundation for Economic Education in 1946, which, in turn, helped to inspire Friedrich Hayek to form the Mont Pelerin Society the following year. For a period in the 1940s, Rand was an important adviser, or "ghost", as they called it, to Read.[3] In 1950, Read joined the board of directors for the newly founded periodical The Freeman, a free market magazine that was a forerunner of the conservative National Review, to which Read was also a contributor. In 1954, Read arranged for the struggling magazine to be transferred to a for-profit company owned by FEE. In 1956, FEE assumed direct control of the magazine, turning it into a non-profit outreach tool for the foundation.[4][5][6] Read received an Honorary Doctoral Degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín in 1976. He continued to work with FEE until his death in 1983. WorksRead authored 29 books, some of which are still in print and sold by FEE.
See also
Notes1. ^North, Gary. (August 7, 2002) "Leonard E. Read's Small Tent Strategy", LewRockwell.com 2. ^{{Citation |last=Opitz |first=Edmund A. |title=Leonard E. Read: A Portrait |journal=The Freeman |volume=48 |issue=9 |date=September 1998 |url=http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/leonard-e-read-a-portrait/}} 3. ^Burns, Jennifer, Ayn Rand and the American Right, 2010, Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 115–120. 4. ^{{cite news|last1=Poirot|first1=Paul|title=Consistently and Continuously Standing Against the Fallacies and Clichés of Politics|url=http://fee.org/freeman/detail/the-freeman-ideas-on-liberty|accessdate=3 March 2015|publisher=The Freeman|date=Jan 1, 2006}} 5. ^{{cite book |title=The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America |chapter=Freeman, 1950- |last=Hamilton |first=Charles H. |editor1-last=Lora |editor1-first=Ronald |editor2-last=Henry |editor2-first=William Longton (eds.) |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1999 |isbn=0-313-21390-9 |oclc=40481045 |pages=321–27}} 6. ^{{cite book |title=A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement |last=Doherty |first=Brian |authorlink=Brian Doherty (journalist) |location=New York |publisher=Public Affairs |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58648-572-6 |oclc=76141517 |pages=198–99}} References
| last = Greaves | first = Bettina Bien | author-link = | title = Leonard E. Read, Crusader | journal = The Freeman | volume = 48 | issue = 9 | pages = |date=September 1998 | origyear = | url = http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/leonard-e-read-crusader/ | jstor = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = }}
| last = Hornberger | first = Jacob G. | authorlink = | title = The Legacy of Leonard E. Read | work = | publisher = The Future of Freedom Foundation |date=September 1991 | url = http://www.fff.org/freedom/0991a.asp | format = | doi = | accessdate = }}
| last = Sennholz | first = Mary | author-link = | title = Leonard Read, the Founder and Builder | journal = The Freeman | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = |date=May 1996 | url = http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/leonard-read-the-founder-and-builder/ | jstor = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = }} External links{{Wikiquote}}
12 : 1898 births|1983 deaths|Austrian School economists|American libertarians|American political philosophers|American political writers|Old Right (United States)|American male essayists|20th-century American essayists|People from Hubbardston, Michigan|20th-century American male writers|Foundation for Economic Education |
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