| 词条 | Mata'afa Iosefo |
| 释义 |
Mata'afa Iosefo (1832 – 6 February 1912)[1] was a Paramount Chief of Samoa who was one of the three rival candidates for the kingship of Samoa during colonialism.[2] He was also referred to as Tupua Malietoa To'oa Mata'afa Iosefo. HistoryThe matai chiefly title Mata'afa is one of highest titles in Samoa. From the late 19th century, Iosefo (first name) played a pivotal role during the country's colonial era when Germany, Great Britain and the United States were vying for control of the Samoa Islands. Each western power had their own chiefly candidate for the 'kingship' of Samoa, and Mata'afa was Germany's preferred candidate. In the late 19th century, Mata'afa Iosefo was exiled to the Marshall Islands and was permitted to return in 1898. The Germans upheld his claim for the kingship.[3] First Samoan Civil WarMata'afa Iosefo first came into prominence in September 1888 when under his command, his followers rebelled against the German-backed Tamasese who was proclaimed Tafa'ifa or King of Samoa. A battle of the First Samoan Civil War saw Mata'afa's warriors send Tamasese's forces retreating to Mulinu'u Point where a German gunship offered protection. The ensuing bombardment of his villages saw Mata'afa retaliate by wiping out an invading German contingent and plundering the German plantations at the First Battle of Vailele. Eventually, Germany, the United States and Britain agreed that Malietoa Laupepa would be restored as the Malietoa and Tafa'ifa of Samoa [4] Second Samoan Civil WarHe was a major protagonist in the Second Samoan Civil War, an important proxy conflict in the leadup to the outbreak of World War One. During the conflict, he his followers waged a bloody conflict with German support against Malietoa Tanumafili I, who was in turn supported by Western Allied forces from the United States and the British Empire. The war dragged on for several months, in which Mata'afa and his allies won or drew several battles at heavy cost, including the Second Battle of Vailele in which the Mataafans defeated Samoan loyalists and a squadron of British and American warships, though suffering casualties both far larger than his opponents and extremely heavy by the standards of Samoan warfare. His push for the kingship of Samoa was also supported by the early Mau movement led by orator Lauaki Namulauulu Mamoe.[2] In the end, his armed forces were nearly destroyed but he was able to resist all attempts by the Allies to capture or kill him. As a result, the division of Samoa was agreed as a compromise. Germany obtained the western islands and created German Samoa, the U.S. annexed the eastern islands and created American Samoa, and the British withdrew their claim in exchange for concessions in the Solomon Islands. In 1900, Iosefo was declared Ali'i Sili (highest chief) by the German Samoa colonial powers. Iosefo succeeded his father, Mata'afa Tafagamanu, to the Mata'afa title. DeathFollowing his death at Mulinu'u in 1912,[1] he was succeeded by Mata'afa Tupuola Iose.[2] See also{{commons category|Mata'afa Iosefo}}
References1. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMKgKanykIUC&pg=PA166&dq=Amaile&cd=10#v=onepage&q=Amaile&f=false|title=The Making of Modern Samoa|first=Malama|last=Meleisea|page=54|year=1987|publisher=University of the South Pacific|isbn=982-02-0031-8|accessdate=8 March 2010}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iosefo, Mataafa}}2. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzuEU21y9zsC&pg=PA13&dq=Mata'afa+Iosefo&lr=#v=onepage&q=Mata'afa%20Iosefo&f=false|title=O tama a ʻāiga: the politics of succession to Sāmoa's paramount titles|first=Morgan A.|last=Tuimalealiʻifano|page=13|year=2006|publisher=University of the South Pacific, editorips@usp.ac.fj|isbn=982-02-0377-5}} 3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0ktfzHcJPYC&pg=PA203&dq=Mata'afa+Iosefo&lr=#v=onepage&q=Mata'afa%20Iosefo&f=false|title=Footsteps in the sea: Christianity in Oceania to World War II|first=John|last=Garrett|page=203|year=1992|publisher=University of the South Pacific, editorips@usp.ac.fj|isbn=982-02-0068-7}} 4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT670&lpg=PT670&dq=dictionary+of+wars+samoan+civil+war&source=bl&ots=zNTgQEEjKM&sig=8_mYK7rkpzS63jpux3H1ICXbcQc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dH_xUaDFHMiyiAeJsoCICw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mataafa&f=false|title=Dictionary of wars, Third Edition |first=George C|last=Kohn|pages=479–480|year=1986|publisher=Facts on File Inc, factsonfile.com|isbn=0-8160-6577-2}} 11 : Samoan chiefs|1832 births|1912 deaths|Samoan exiles|First Samoan Civil War|Second Samoan Civil War|German Samoa|1880s in Samoa|1890s in Samoa|1900s in Samoa|1910s in Samoa |
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