“Mating plug”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A mating plug, also known as a copulation plug, sperm plug, vaginal plug, sement or sphragis (Latin, from Greek σφραγίδα 'sfragida' a seal), is gelatinous secretion used in the mating of some species. It is deposited by a male into a female genital tract, such as the vagina, and later hardens into a plug or glues the tract together.^[1] While females can expel the plugs afterwards, the male's sperm still gets a time advantage in getting to the egg, which is often the deciding factor in fertilization.

The mating plug plays an important role in sperm competition and may serve as an alternative and more advantageous strategy to active mate guarding. In some species, such a passive mate-guarding strategy may reduce selection on large male size.^[2] Such a strategy may be advantageous because it would allow a male to increase reproductive success by spending more time pursuing new female mates rather than active mate guarding.^[2]

Composition

The mating plug of the Bombus terrestris was chemically analyzed and found to consist of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and cycloprolylproline.^[3] It was found that the acids (without cycloprolylproline) were sufficient by themselves to create the plug. Researchers hypothesize that cycloprolylproline reduces female receptivity to further breeding.

Occurrence in nature

Mating plugs are used by many species, including several primates,^[4]^[2]^[5] kangaroos,^[6]^[7]^[8] bees,^[9] rats, reptiles, rodents,^[10] scorpions,^[11] mice,^[12] and spiders.^[13]

Use of a mating plug as a strategy for reproductive success can also be seen in a few taxa of Lepidoptera and other insects and is often associated with pupal mating.^[14] For example, male variable checkerspot butterflies pass a mating plug into the genital opening of females in order to prevent the females from remating and thus protecting their paternity.^[15]

The Heliconius charithonia butterfly uses a mating plug in the form of a spermatophore that provides predatory defense chemicals and protein sources for developing eggs.^[16] It also acts as an anaphrodisiac that prevents other males from mating with the female.^[17] Similarly in Parnassius smintheus butterflies, the male deposits a waxy genital plug on the tip of the female's abdomen to prevent the female from mating again.^[18] It contains sperm and important nutrients for the female,^[19] and ensures that that male is the only one to fertilize the female’s eggs.^[18]

Most species of stingless bees, like Plebeia remota, are only mated once, and thus make use of mating plugs to store all the sperm they collect for future use.^[9]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=David Quammen|title=The Flight of the Iguana: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYIlca_fQVsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=%22mating%20plug%22&f=false|date=16 October 2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4767-2873-5}}
2. ^¹²{{cite journal |author1=Dunham, A. E. |author2=Rudolf, V. H. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year=2009 | title=Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding | journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 7 | doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01768.x| pages= 1376–1386 | pmid=19486235}}
3. ^{{cite journal | doi=10.1023/A:1005596707591 | year=2000 | last1=Baer | first1=Boris | last2=Maile | first2=Roland | last3=Schmid-Hempel | first3=Paul | last4=Morgan | first4=E. David | last5=Jones | first5=Graeme R. | journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology | volume=26 | issue=8 | pages=1869|title=Chemistry of a Mating Plug in Bumblebees }}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Alan F. Dixson|title=Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9N_BokMAMkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=plug&f=false|date=26 January 2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954464-6}}
5. ^Sauther, Michelle L. "[https://campuspress.yale.edu/bezamahafaly/files/2015/01/Sauther-1991.pdf Reproductive behavior of free‐ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar]." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 84.4 (1991): 463-477.
6. ^{{cite book|author1=Larry Vogelnest|author2=Rupert Woods|title=Medicine of Australian Mammals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWbgqMsyq8UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=%22copulatory%20plug%22&f=false|date=18 August 2008|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-09928-9}}
7. ^{{cite book|author1=Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe|author2=Marilyn Renfree|title=Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=%22copulatory%20plug%22&f=false|date=30 January 1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33792-2}}
8. ^{{cite book |author=Terence Dawson |title=Kangaroos |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qaFUU7XnctAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=%22copulatory%20plug%22&f=false |accessdate= 13 July 2013 |date=16 April 2012 |publisher= Csiro Publishing |isbn=978-0-643-10627-7}}
9. ^¹{{Cite journal |title= The rarity of multiple mating by females in the social Hymenoptera |journal= Insectes Sociaux |date= 2001-03-01 |issn= 0020-1812 |pages= 1–13 |volume= 48|issue=1 |doi= 10.1007/PL00001737 |first= J. |last= Strassmann}}
10. ^Voss, Robert. "[https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/57125/OP689.pdf%3Bsequence=1 Male accessory glands and the evolution of copulatory plugs in rodents]." (1979).
11. ^{{cite journal |url= http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118571736/abstract |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130105062537/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118571736/abstract |dead-url= yes |archive-date= 2013-01-05 |doi= 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01149.x |title= Evidence that Mating Plug is Related to Null Female Mating Activity in the Scorpion Vaejovis punctatus |year= 2006 |last1= Contreras-Garduno |first1= Jorge |last2= Peretti |first2= Alfredo V. |last3= Cordoba-Aguilar |first3= Alex |journal= Ethology |volume= 112 |issue=2 |pages= 152 }}
12. ^{{cite journal |doi = 10.1038/nprot.2007.145 |title= Pronuclear injection for the production of transgenic mice |year=2007 |last1= Ittner |first1= Lars M |last2= Götz |first2= Jürgen |journal= Nature Protocols |volume= 2 |issue=5 |pages= 1206–15 |pmid= 17546016}} Figure 2 - Mating scheme and copulation plug
13. ^{{cite journal |author1=Knoflach, B. |author2=van Harten, A. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2001 |title= Tidarren argo sp. nov (Araneae: Theridiidae) and its exceptional copulatory behaviour: emasculation, male palpal organ as a mating plug and sexual cannibalism |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=254 |pages=449–459 |doi=10.1017/S0952836901000954 |issue=4}}
14. ^The encyclopedia of land invertebrate behaviour By Rod Preston-Mafham, Ken Preston-Mafham. Pg 113.
15. ^{{cite journal |last1= Dickinson |first1= Janis L. |last2= Rutowski |first2= Ronald L. |year=1989 |title= The Function of the Mating Plug in the Chalcedon Checkerspot Butterfly |journal= Animal Behaviour |volume= 38 |issue=1 |pages= 154–62 |doi= 10.1016/s0003-3472(89)80074-0}}
16. ^{{cite journal |last1= Cardoso |first1= Márcio Zikán |last2 = Gilbert |first2= Lawrence E. |year=2006 |title= A Male Gift to Its Partner? Cyanogenic Glycosides in the Spermatophore of Longwing Butterflies (Heliconius) |journal= Naturwissenschaften |volume= 94 |issue=1 |pages= 39–42 |doi= 10.1007/s00114-006-0154-6 |pmid= 16957921}}
17. ^{{cite journal |last1= Estrada |first1= Catalina |last2= Schulz |first2= Stefan |last3= Yildizhan |first3= Selma |last4 = Gilbert |first4= Lawrence E. |year= 2011 |title= Sexual Selection Drives The Evolution Of Antiaphrodisiac Pheromones in Butterflies |journal= Evolution |volume= 65 |issue= 10 |pages= 2843–854 |doi= 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01352.x |pmid= 21967426}}
18. ^¹{{cite book |last1= Shepard |first1=Jon |last2=Guppy |first2= Crispin |title=Butterflies of British Columbia: Including Western Alberta, Southern Yukon, the Alaska Panhandle, Washington, Northern Oregon, Northern Idaho, and Northwestern Montana |date=2011 |publisher= UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-4437-6 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=il6rJ7glHNQC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=parnassius+smintheus+sphragis#v=onepage&q=parnassius%20smintheus&f=false |accessdate=13 November 2017 |ref= butterflybook |language=en}}
19. ^{{cite web |title= parnassius smintheus |url= http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/insects/butrfly/fampap/pasm.htm |website= imnh.isu.edu |accessdate= 13 November 2017}}