| 词条 | Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuán |
| 释义 |
|honorific-prefix=The Most Excellent | name = The Duke of Tetuán | honorific-suffix=GE KOGF OCIII OIC | image = Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris.jpg | order = Prime Minister of Spain | vicepresident = | term_start = 14 July 1856 | term_end = 12 October 1856 | monarch = Isabella II | predecessor = The Duke of la Victoria | successor = The Duke of Valencia | term_start2 = 30 June 1858 | term_end2 = 2 March 1863 | monarch2 = Isabella II | predecessor2 = Francisco Javier de Istúriz | successor2 = The Marquis of Miraflores | term_start3 = 16 September 1864 | term_end3 = 10 July 1866 | monarch3 = Isabella II | predecessor3 = The Duke of Valencia | successor3 = The Duke of Valencia | office4 = Minister of State 1858, 1860–1863 | office5 = Minister for War 1854 | birth_date = 12 January 1809 | birth_place = Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain | death_date = {{d-da|5 November 1867|12 January 1809}} | death_place = Biarritz, French Empire | spouse = Manuela Barges | party = Unión Liberal | religion = }} Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris, 1st Duke of Tetuan, 1st Count of Lucena, 1st Viscount of Aliaga, GE, KOGF, OCIII, OIC (12 January 1809 – 5 November 1867), was a Spanish general and statesman who was Prime Minister of Spain on several occasions. He was of distant Irish paternal ancestry, a descendant of Calvagh O'Donnell, Rí of Tyrconnell.{{sfn|O'Hart|1892|pp=648, 649}}{{sfn|O'Cochlain|1990|67–81}} Early lifeHe was born at Santa Cruz de Tenerife a son of Carlos O'Donnell y Anethan (born 1768) and wife Josefa Jorris y Casaviella, and paternal grandson of José O'Donnell y O'Donnell and wife Marie Anne d' Anethan. He had an uncle Francisco and an aunt Beatriz, married to Manuel Pombo y Ante (1769–1829), and had issue.[1] CareerO'Donnell was a strong endorser of the liberal Cristinos and the regency of Maria Cristina during the 1830s.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=8}} When General Baldomero Espartero seized power during 1840, O'Donnell went into exile with Maria Cristina, and was involved in an attempted coup against Espartero during 1841.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=8}} O'Donnell was soon back in power and was sent to Cuba as Captain General during October 1843.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=8}} He is credited with the massacre of 1844 known as the repression of La Escalera. Thousands of slaves and free-coloured people in Cuba were confined in dungeons, were tortured and executed in what became known as the 'year of the lash'.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} During 1854, he made a pronunciamento against the government and was named Prime Minister for a time. He served as War Minister of the Espartero government.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=9}} The Crimean War caused an increase of grain prices due to the blockade of Russia, causing a famine in Galicia during 1854. Riots against power looms spread through Spain, and General O'Donnell intervened, marching on Madrid.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Espartero resigned power in O'Donnell's favour on 14–15 July 1856, and Isabella II asked him to form a government as the 44th Prime Minister of Spain.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=9}} For his new administration, O'Donnell formed the Unión Liberal Party, which was designed to combine Progressive, Moderate, and Carlist factions. O'Donnell attempted to define moderate policies for Spain with this new party, advocating laissez-faire policies and confiscating church land. He was soon dismissed after only a few months in power on 12 October, and two years of reaction followed.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} In later governments, he was more careful. O'Donnell's two later administrations worked laboriously to attract foreign investment to improve Spain's railroad infrastructure. He failed to achieve much economic growth, however, and increased industry only in Basque country and Catalonia, both of which already had substantial industrial centres. He was a proponent of a new and aggressive imperial policy, intended principally to expand Spanish territory in Africa, particularly after French successes in Algeria.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} In the first administration he was twice at the same time the 136th Minister of Foreign Affairs and the 48th Prime Minister of Spain between 30 June 1858 and 2 July 1858, and again as the 138th Minister of Foreign Affairs between 21 October 1860 and 18 January 1863, remaining again solely as Prime Minister until 26 February 1863. His second term as the 53rd Prime Minister started on 21 October 1860.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=8}}{{better source|date=June 2012}} He took a brief respite from his government during 1860 to command the Spanish army at the battle of Tetuan during its Spanish-Moroccan War, overseeing the capture of Tétouan. He was rewarded for his abilities in the campaign with the title Duke of Tetuan.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=9}} During 1866 he repressed a revolt commanded by General Juan Prim, and was subsequently dismissed by the Queen for the brutality of his regime on 11 July 1866.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} He was the 103rd Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} FamilyHe was succeeded in his titles by his nephew, son of his brother Carlos O' Donnell y Jorris and wife María del Mar Alvarez de Abreu y Rodríguez de Albuerne, Carlos O' Donnell y Alvarez de Abreu (Valencia, 1 July 1834 – ?), 2nd Duke of Tetuán, 2nd Count of Lucena and also 9th Marquess of Altamira, married in Madrid on 1 June 1861 to María Josefa de Vargas y Díez de Bulnes (Madrid – ?). Notes1. ^{{harvnb|Geneall staff}} cites: {{harvnb|Fraikin|1991|p=318}} References
External links{{commons category|Leopoldo O'Donnell}}{{S-start}}{{s-off|}}|-{{s-bef|before=The Duke of la Victoria}}{{s-ttl|title=Prime Minister of Spain|years=14 July 1856{{spaced ndash}}12 October 1856}}{{S-aft|after=Ramón María Narváez}} |-{{s-bef|rows=2|before=Francisco Javier de Istúriz}}{{s-ttl|title=Prime Minister of Spain|years=30 June 1858{{spaced ndash}}2 March 1863}}{{S-aft|after=The Marquis of Miraflores}} |-{{S-ttl|title=Minister of State Acting|years=30 June 1858{{spaced ndash}}2 July 1858}}{{S-aft|after=Saturnino Calderón de la Barca}} |-{{s-bef|before=The Duke of Valencia}}{{s-ttl|title=Prime Minister of Spain|years=21 June 1865{{spaced ndash}}10 July 1866}}{{S-aft|after=The Duke of Valencia}}{{s-reg|es}} |-{{s-new|creation|rows=2}}{{s-ttl|title=Count of Lucena|years=25 July 1847{{spaced ndash}}5 November 1867}}{{S-aft|rows=2|after=Carlos O'Donnell}} |-{{s-ttl|title=Duke of Tetuan|years=20 April 1860{{spaced ndash}}5 November 1867}}{{s-end}}{{SpanishPrimeMinisters}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tetuan, Leopoldo Odonnell, 1st Duke Of}} 16 : 1809 births|1867 deaths|People from Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Spanish captain generals|Counts of Lucena|Dukes of Tetuan|Prime Ministers of Spain|Grandees of Spain|People of the Chincha Islands War|Governors of Cuba|Spanish people of Irish descent|O'Donnell dynasty|Liberal Union (Spain) politicians|Leaders of political parties in Spain|Viscounts of Spain|Military personnel of the First Carlist War |
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