| 词条 | Leopoldstadt |
| 释义 |
| name = Leopoldstadt | native_name_lang = de | settlement_type = 2nd District of Vienna | image_shield = Wien - Bezirk Leopoldstadt, Wappen.svg | image_map = Kartewien2.png | map_caption = Location of the district within Vienna | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Austria | subdivision_type1 = City | subdivision_name1 = Vienna | leader_title = {{nowrap|District Director}} | leader_name = Ursula Lichtenegger (Green) | leader_title1 = First Deputy | leader_name1 = Adi Hasch (Green) | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|Second Deputy}} | leader_name2 = Astrid Rompolt, MA (SPÖ) | leader_title3 = Representation (60 Members) | unit_pref = Metric | area_total_km2 = 19.27 | population_footnotes = [1] | population_total = 103233 | population_as_of = 2016-01-01 | population_density_km2 = auto | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = A-1020 | blank_name_sec1 = Address of District Office | blank_info_sec1 = Karmelitergasse 9 A-1020 Wien | website = www.wien.gv.at/bezirke/leopoldstadt/ }}Leopoldstadt ({{IPA-de|ˈleːopɔltˌʃtat|-|De-at Leopoldstadt.ogg}}; {{lang-bar|Leopoidstod}}, "Leopold-Town") is the 2nd municipal District of Vienna (German: 2. Bezirk). There are 103,233 inhabitants (as of 2016-01-01) over {{convert|19.27|km²|0|abbr=on}}. It is situated in the heart of the city and, together with Brigittenau (20th district), forms a large island surrounded by the Danube Canal and, to the north, the Danube. It is named after Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. Due to its relatively high percentage of Jewish inhabitants (38.5 per cent in 1923, i. e., before the Holocaust), Leopoldstadt gained the nickname {{illm|Mazzesinsel|de|Leopoldstadt#„Mazzesinsel“_und_erste Leopoldstadt|display=1}} ("Mázze Island"). This context was a significant aspect for the district twinning with the New York City borough Brooklyn in 2007.[2] LandmarksPlaces of interest include the Wiener Prater (from Latin pratum "meadow"), former imperial hunting grounds to which the public was denied access until 1766. The area of the Prater closest to the city centre contains a large amusement park, known as the Volksprater ("People's Prater") or Wurstelprater (after the Harlequin-type figure of Hanswurst), and at its entrance there is the giant Wiener Riesenrad Ferris wheel opened in 1897 which features prominently in the movie The Third Man and which has become one of Vienna's trademarks. The Schweizerhaus ("Swiss Hut"), an establishment boasting a huge beer garden, sells the original Czech Budweiser draught beer. The owners claim that, back in the 1920s, the potato crisp was invented there. Nearby you can find the "Republic of Kugelmugel", a micronation proclaimed in 1984 that became a landmark of the area. There is also a miniature steam railway ("Liliputbahn") which, on its track through the woodland parallel to the Hauptallee, passes Vienna's Ernst-Happel-Stadion. {{multiple image| align=center | image1 = View of Liliputbahn.jpg | image2 = Liliputbahn1.jpg | image3 = Liliputbahn2.jpg | footer = Prater Liliputbahn | footer_align = center }}{{clear}} Another, smaller, park in Leopoldstadt is the topiary-type Augarten, which is the home of the Vienna Boys' Choir and of a porcelain manufactory ("Augarten-Porzellan"). Its distinguishing marks are two disused Flak towers built towards the end of the Second World War. For features of this versatile district not listed here, see the bottom-linked Leopoldstadt Category page. Jewish Leopoldstadt{{unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}In 1625, Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller became the rabbi of Vienna. At the time, the Jews of Vienna were scattered throughout the city, not having a central community. Heller obtained for the Jews the right to establish a central Jewish community in Leopoldstadt, which was already then a suburb of Vienna. He was instrumental in reorganizing the community, and he drew up its constitution. By the mid-17th century, part of the built-up area was the Jewish ghetto. At that time the area was called "Im Werd", with the Jewish population living in an area called "Unterer Werd". The hatred that Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor held for the Jews led to the forceful expulsion and destruction of the Jewish community (gesera), with the popular support of the local non-Jewish population. As a thanksgiving for the expulsion, the inhabitants renamed the area Leopoldstadt ("Leopold's city"), after the emperor. During the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Jewish immigrants from eastern parts of the realm again flocked to Leopoldstadt, owing to the proximity of the Nordbahnhof railway station, which was one of the main train stations at which migrants from other parts of the empire arrived in Vienna. The high number of Jewish inhabitants led to the area being called Mazzesinsel ("Island of Matzo", referring to the unleavened bread eaten during Passover). Several important synagogues were located there, including the Schiff Shul, the Leopoldstädter Tempel, the Türkischer Tempel, the Polnische Schul, and the Pazmanitentempel, as well as yeshivas. None of the synagogues escaped the destruction during the Kristallnacht pogroms of November 1938 following the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany. A fragment of a Torah scroll was saved by Heschel Messias from one of the synagogues as it burned.[3] The Jewish population was increasingly isolated and terrorised and was finally deported and exterminated in concentration camps such as Auschwitz. The once thriving communal life was completely destroyed. Only a handful of survivors were able to hide until the end of the war, from an original population of several thousands. With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, and renewed immigration from Eastern Europe, especially the former Soviet Union, the Jewish population of Leopoldstadt was able to grow again. Today, many members of Vienna's Jewish community live there again, and there are a number of shops selling kosher food. Several parts of the old residential areas have been gentrified, resulting in a gentle shift from Leopoldstadt's traditional, predominantly working class roots towards a somewhat wealthier population. The new extension of the U2 metro line, opened in May 2008 in time for the European Football Championship, links Leopoldstadt with the city centre. {{Clear}}Coat of arms (crest)The arms of the Leopoldstadt district, since the retirement of Brigittenau from the 2nd District, contains three parts, symbolizing the former independent communities:
Arts and culture
MuseumsThe Leopoldstadt Museum has a particular emphasis on the arts. The focus is on, inter alia, the Theater in Leopoldstadt, the Carl-Theater, the Leopoldstädter Theater, the Prater, and the Jewish Ghetto. The Museum für Unterhaltungskunst covers the history of clowns, artists, and circuses; whereas the Museum des Blindenwesens in his exhibition shows the development of teaching and lessons for the blind and Braille. The Wiener Kriminalmuseum ("Vienna Crime Museum"), connected with the Museum of the Vienna Federal Police Directorate, brings the visitor closer to the history of the judiciary and the police and of criminality from the late Middle Ages forward. Two major museums in Vienna have branch offices in Leopoldstadt. The Vienna Museum (formerly the Museum of the City of Vienna) operates the Prater Museum (next to the Ferris wheel) on the history of the Wurstelprater amusement park and also allows visits to the home of the "Waltz King" Johann Strauss the Younger in the Praterstraße. The Belvedere has also two branch offices in the 2nd District: Augarten Contemporary (contemporary art) and the neighboring Gustinus-Ambrosi Museum. The Augarten factory has regular exhibits of porcelain in the foyer of the Palais Augarten. TheaterSee also: Theater in der Leopoldstadt, Carltheater (until 1929) The Odeon Theater - In the great hall of the former Agricultural Products Exchange (Taborstraße 10), the team of Serapions Ensembles to Erwin Piplits and Ulrike Kaufmann with the assistance of the City Council until 1988, created the "Odeon", a flexible theater space of considerable proportions. The Serapionsensemble, Neue Oper Wien, and other artists appear here. The name recalls the "Odeon" dance hall, which was located in the area of today's Odeongasse, behind the Agricultural Exchange. Opened in 1845 and destroyed by fire in 1848, it was the largest dance hall in Vienna at that time, with room for several thousand persons. Outdoor cinema and former cinemasAs a traditional theater district, Leopoldstadt had, in the middle of the 20th Century, numerous cinemas. As a result of the spread of television in Austria from the late 1950s, cinemas began to close in the 1960s, by which the 2nd District was severely affected. By and by, Leopold townspeople cinemas were closed, and now there is no single regular cinema in the district area. Even the UCI opened in 1999, at the Mehrsälekino Lassallestraße, was already closed three years later because of poor attendance. The former cinemas, in the order of closure, are:[4]
This development is however an increasing demand for outdoor summer cinema, since the early 1990s, before the Vienna City Hall every summer, the Film Festival at the Vienna City Hall Square takes place. In the 2nd District, there are currently four summer open-air cinemas:
In Augarten (Obere Augartenstraße 1), the Austrian film archive established here and at the Metro Cinema (1st district) shows historical films and scientific research. District partnershipIn the year 2007, Brooklyn (borough of New York City) entered into a district partnership with the Viennese district of Leopoldstadt.[5] Notable residents{{Category see also|People from Leopoldstadt}}
See also
Notes1. ^ Statistik Austria - Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn 2002-2016 nach Gemeinden (Gebietsstand 1.1.2016), Statistik Austria. 2. ^Partnership with Brooklyn: scroll down to New York City, then proceed to Brooklyn on the list of sister cities in New York. 3. ^"Artifacts: A Remnant of a Torah Scroll Saved from a Burning Synagogue", "It Came From Within..." Exhibition Marking the Events of Kristallnacht, An online exhibition by Yad Vashem. 4. ^Office for Theatre - in the 2nd cinema District. 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/aussenpolitik/289167/index.do?from=suche.intern.portal |title=Brooklyn und Leopoldstadt sind nun Partner « |publisher=Diepresse.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-11}} References[Parts of this article were translated from German Wikipedia.]
External links{{Wikivoyage-inline|Vienna/Inner East|Vienna - Inner East}}{{commonscat-inline|Leopoldstadt}}
5 : Leopoldstadt|Districts of Vienna|Jewish communities in Austria|Jews and Judaism in Vienna|Jewish Austrian history |
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