| 词条 | Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway | |
| 释义 |
| name = Mauch Chunk Railroad Summit Hill & Mauch Chunk Railroad Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill Switchback Railroad | nrhp_type = | image = Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill Switchback Railroad 1870.jpg | caption = Looking down at the Lehigh Canal landing, circa 1870. | location = Between Ludlow St. in Summit Hill and F.A.P. 209 in Jim Thorpe, Carbon County, Pennsylvania | locmapin = Pennsylvania#USA | built = 1827, improved 1830s | architect = Josiah White | builder = Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. (LC&N) | coordinates = {{coord|40|52|10|N|75|44|59|W|display=inline,title}} | architecture = | added = June 3, 1976 | area = {{convert|47|acre}} | governing_body = Local | refnum = 76001616[1] | designated_other1_name = Pennsylvania state historical marker | designated_other1_abbr = PHMC | designated_other1_date = May 25, 1971[2] | designated_other1_link = List of Pennsylvania state historical markers | designated_other1_color = navy | designated_other1_textcolor = #ffc94b }} The Mauch Chunk and Summit Railroad was a coal-hauling railroad in the mountains of Pennsylvania that operated between 1828 and 1932. It was the first operational US railway of any substantial length to carry paying passengers. A private line which moved coal for the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company on {{TrackGauge|3ft6in}} gauge track, it was not a common carrier which linked with other railroads. The rail line was laid on top of the company's earlier {{convert|9|mi}}-constant-descent-graded wagon road. The railroad operated for over a hundred years until the middle of the Great Depression. {{quote|Pennsylvania's first railroad and first anthracite carrier opened on Saturday, May 5th, 1827, when seven cars of coal passed from the Summit Hill mines of the {{nowrap|L.C.&N. Company}} to their canal at Mauch Chunk, descending 936 feet in the nine-mile trip.[3]|author=Earl J. Heydinger}}HistoryThe Maunch Chunk was the second permanent United States railroad{{efn |Heydinger describes two earlier, but temporary funicular railways (using the same equipment) which moved overburden and foundation materials to fill in Boston's Back Bay and reshape Beacon Hill—which had three summits when the projects began.}} and the first over five miles long. Early days: 1828-1845Like its rival the B&O Railroad, the Mauch Chunk at first used animal power. Mules hauled the empty coal tubs to the summit and were sent down in the last batch of cars; the return trip required 4-5 hours. The road would send down groups of 6–8 coal cars under control of a brakeman, and once 40–42 cars were down, send down the special "mule cars" with the draft animals, thus having just enough animals to return all cars back to the top. The railway used gravity and two inclines. A powered double-incline led up to the top of two separate summits along Pisgah Ridge on the return leg and each summit had "a new down track" returning the cars several miles farther west in each case. This saw-tooth elevation profile gave the new return track a swooping characteristic ride later deliberately designed into roller coasters. About the same time,{{when|date=December 2018}} when other mine heads were opened in lower elevations of the Panther Creek Valley LC&N added several descending switchback sections and other shorter cable railway climbing inclines to bring the coal up from the new Lansford and Coaldale mines to the Summit Hill loading area for the gravity railway trip down to Mauch Chunk, thence to the Lehigh Canal (and in 1855, by rail transport) and their customers. The railroad became an early American tourist attraction and is considered{{By whom|date=August 2016}} the world's first roller coaster,{{efn |The earliest documented pleasure riders were in 1827 by visitors out to admire the new railway technology. This gives rise to the credit of the railway as the first roller coaster.}} a role it would keep and satisfy with tourists for over five decades after it was abandoned as a primary freight railroad. 1846-1871By 1845 the increasing demand for coal and the poor logistics of a single-track route meant the company needed to improve its railroad. In 1846, they built a new uphill line using two steam-powered, Josiah White engineered {{convert|120|hp}} funicular systems to replace move cars uphill.[5] These inclines used two telescoping wheeled Barney pusher cars attached to the cables by steel tow-bands running between two large diameter winch wheels{{efn |Winch wheels, similar to a Ski Lift, especially the wheels on a cable car system, but low to the ground for the Barney cars to chase around reversing travel direction and track at either end. }} located in the Barney tunnels. When a car was ready to ascend, it was drifted down the slight incline from above and behind the Barney tunnel to wait at a latch. The barneys came up and coupled behind to push the cars uphill. One of the inclines rose {{convert|664|ft|m}} up Mount Pisgah,[3] and the other crossed Mount Jefferson. The downhill trip continued to be powered by gravity.[4] The up track was equipped with a ratchet{{efn |Up track ratchets are almost an anomaly, these show an unusual safety-first attitude for something implemented before the Victorian Era.}} which would prevent a car that detached from the cable from running away down hill.[5] This invention later evolved into the anti-rollback device used on roller coasters. The railroad changed its name to the Mauch Chunk, Summit Hill and Switchback Railroad.[5] The modernization of the railroad reduced a passenger round-trip from 4.5 hours to just 80 minutes. 1872-closureIn 1872, the Panther Creek Railroad opened as a replacement for the switchback line. The Lehigh Coal and Railroad is considered the first American company to use vertical integration—providing raw materials, shipping, processing and final goods. Some famous personalities who visited the railroad include Prince Maximilian of Wied, President Ulysses S. Grant, William Astor (son of John Jacob Astor), and Thomas Edison.[5] The Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) purchased it in 1874 and leased it to brothers Theodore and H. L. Mumford who operated the line as a tourist attraction. On May 24, 1929, the CNJ sold the line to the new Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway Company, which operated until 1932, when the line fell victim to the Great Depression. The mortgage on the property foreclosed and it was sold to scrapper Isaac Weiner for $18,000 (equal to ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|18000|1932}}}} today).[5] National Register of Historic PlacesIn 1976, a {{convert|47|acre|adj=on}} section of the former right-of-way, from Ludlow St. in Summit Hill to F.A.P. 209 in Jim Thorpe, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as "Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill Switchback Railroad". The listed area included four contributing sites.[1] The right-of-way is now the Switchback Railroad Trail,[6]. Notes{{notelist}}GalleryReferences1. ^1 {{NRISref|version=2010a}} [7][8]2. ^{{cite web | title = Switchback Railroad - PHMC Historical Markers | work =Historical Marker Database | publisher = Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission | url =http://search.pahistoricalmarkers.com/ | accessdate = December 19, 2013}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1= Bartholomew|first1= Ann M. |last2= Metz|first2= Lance E. |last3= Kneis|first3= Michael |date= 1989 |title=Delaware and Lehigh Canals |language= English |edition= First |location=Oak Printing Company, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania |publication-date= 1989 |isbn= 0930973097 |lccn= 89-25150 |publisher= Center for Canal History and Technology, Hugh Moore Historical Park and Museum, Inc., Easton, Pennsylvania |page=}}, p. 140–141. 4. ^{{cite web| title=The Mauch Chunk, Summit Hill, and Switchback Gravity Railroad| url=http://www.angelfire.com/pa5/switchbackrr/| accessdate=February 9, 2008}} 5. ^Vince Hydro's Insider's Guide to the Switchback, Jim Thorpe Insider's Press, 1999. 6. ^{{cite web| title=Mountain Bike Trails in Pennsylvania : Pocono Mountains Region Mountain Biking : Switchback Trail : bikekinetix.com| url=http://www.bikekinetix.com/t_pa/pa_rail/switchback_rt.php| accessdate=February 9, 2008}}{{dead link|date=January 2013}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Railroads of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company: GROUP IX |last=Heydinger |first=Earl J. |publisher=Railway and Locomotive Historical Society |date=1964 |journal=Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin |volume=110 |pages=59–62 |jstor=43518101}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| title=CNJ Mauch Chunk Switchback|url=http://www.gingerb.com/cnj_mauch_chunk_switchback.htm| accessdate=February 9, 2008}} }} Sources
|last=Heydinger |first=Earl J. |publisher=Railway and Locomotive Historical Society |date=1964 |journal=Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin |volume=110 |pages=59–62 |jstor=43518101 }}
| url= http://www.cprr.org/Museum/FAQs2.html#First_RR | author=Frederick C. Gamst in QUESTIONS & COMMENTS, FAQ's (Page 2 of 2) | title=America's First, First Railroad, in 1795 | publisher =Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
| publisher=Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum | author = Frederick C. Gamst (University of Massachusetts) | title = The Transfer of Pioneering British Railroad Technology to North America | url = http://www.cprr.org/Museum/First_US_Railroads_Gamst.html }} External links{{Commons category|Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway}}
9 : Rail infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania|Defunct Pennsylvania railroads|Railway lines opened in 1827|Transportation in Carbon County, Pennsylvania|3 ft 6 in gauge railways in the United States|Pennsylvania state historical marker significations|National Register of Historic Places in Carbon County, Pennsylvania|Railway lines on the National Register of Historic Places|1827 establishments in Pennsylvania |
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