1. Etymology

2. Genetics

3. Physical description

4. Population, distribution and presence of Hector's

5. Ecology and behaviour
     Vocalizations and echolocation    Foraging and predation    Social behaviour and reproduction  

6. Threats
     Fishing    Disease    Fishing restrictions  

7. References

8. External links

Māui's dolphin and Hector's dolphin are the North Island and South Island subspecies of the New Zealand dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori. Māui's dolphins are only found off the west coast of New Zealand's North Island. These two subspecies of Cephalorhynchus hectori are New Zealand's only endemic cetaceans.^[2] Māui's dolphins are generally found close to shore in groups or pods of several dolphins, and are generally seen in water shallower than {{Convert|20|m|ft}}. However, it is possible that they may also range further offshore.

The dolphin is threatened by set-netting and trawling. Based on 2012 population estimates, the World Wildlife Fund in New Zealand launched "The Last 55" campaign in May 2014, calling for a full ban over what it believed is their entire range.^[3][4] The International Whaling Commission supports more fishing restrictions, but the New Zealand government has resisted the demands and questioned the reliability of the evidence presented to the IWC that Māui's dolphins inhabit the areas they are said to inhabit.^[5][6][7] In June 2014, the government decided to open up {{Convert|3000|km2|mi2}} of the West Coast North Island Marine Mammal Sanctuary—the main habitat of the Māui's dolphin—for oil drilling. This amounts to one-quarter of the total sanctuary area.^[3] In May 2015, estimates suggested that the population had declined to 43–47 individuals, of which only 10 were mature females.^[9]

Etymology

The word "Māui" in the dolphin's name comes from {{lang|mi|Te Ika-a-Māui}}, the Māori name for New Zealand's North Island. However, the Māori word for the dolphin itself is {{lang|mi|popoto}}.^[4] In English, there is currently not a consistent spelling; "Maui's dolphin" was the original spelling, but all four of "Maui's dolphin",^[5][3][2][5] "Maui dolphin",^[6] "Māui's dolphin",^[7][8] and "Māui dolphin"^[4][19] have been used in recent publications, reflecting a shift towards the use of macrons in New Zealand English.^[9][10]

Genetics

In 2002, Māui's dolphins were classified as a subspecies of Cephalorhynchus hectori. Previously, they had been known as the North Island Hector's dolphin. Alan Baker found genetic and skeletal differences in Māui's dolphins which made them distinct from South Island Hector's dolphins.^[4] These significant differences over a small geographical distance have not been found in any other studies of marine mammals.^[23] So far, 26 different mitochondrial DNA identification haplotypes have been found in Cephalorhynchus hectori, the Māui's 'G' haplotype being one of them.^[11]

In 2002, Hector's dolphins were not known to be capable of swimming from the South Island to the North Island and co-existing with Māui's dolphins. Instead, the deep waters of the strait were understood to have been an effective barrier between South Island Hector's and North Island Māui's subspecies for between 15,000 and 16,000 years.^[11] The 2012 Auckland University/Department of Conservation boat survey tissue sampling of Māui's in core range, which included historical samples, revealed three Hector's dolphins identified in this range area (two of them alive) along with another five Hector's being disclosed or sampled between Wellington and Oakura between 1967 and 2012.^[12]

No evidence so far indicates the Hector's and Māui's dolphins interbreed,^[12][13] but given their close genetic composition, they likely could. Interbreeding may increase the numbers of dolphins in the Māui's range and reduce the risk of inbreeding depression, but such interbreeding could eventually result in a hybridisation of the Māui's back into the Hector's species and lead to a reclassification of Māui's as again the North Island Hector's. Hybridisation in this manner threatens the Otago black stilt^[14] and the Chatham Islands' Forbes parakeet^[15] and has eliminated the South Island brown teal as a subspecies.^[16] Researchers have also identified potential interbreeding as threatening the Māui's with hybrid breakdown and outbreeding depression.

Physical description

Having distinctive grey, white, and black markings and a short snout, they are most easily recognised by their round dorsal fins. Māui's dolphins are generally found close to shore in groups or pods of several dolphins. They have solidly built bodies with gently sloping snouts and a unique rounded dorsal fins. (Māui's and Hector's are the only dolphins with well-rounded black dorsal fins.) Females grow to 1.7 m long and weigh up to 50 kg. Males are slightly smaller and lighter. The dolphins are known to live up to 20 years.

Population, distribution and presence of Hector's

Māui's dolphins are listed on the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered, and by the Department of Conservation in the New Zealand Threat Classification System as "Nationally Critical".^[17]

Māui's dolphins are only found off the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The current range of the Māui's extends from Maunganui Bluff in the north to Whanganui in the south. There are occasional sightings off the east coast of the North Island between Wellington and the Bay of Plenty, which indicates more widespread and larger previous Māui's or Hector's populations.^[18] Historical presence has been confirmed by DNA analysis to at least Wellington Harbour.^[19]

A DOC survey report in 2012 estimated 55 adult Māui's dolphins remained.^[35] This is a marked decrease from a 2004 survey that found the population to be around 100 dolphins.^[20] A survey of Māui's dolphins in 1985 estimated their numbers to be at 134.^[4] The data from the 2012 report are not directly comparable with earlier aerial surveys because of the different methods used and the 2012 survey effort had concentrated on the area within one kilometre from shore, but the reports highlight that the population is very small and are indicative of a recent decline.^[19]

Whether some Māui's dolphins are migrating southwards, or only Hector's migrating northwards into Taranaki waters, is a matter of debate. A dolphin, either a Hector's or Māui's, was caught in Taranaki waters in a set net off Cape Egmont on 2 January 2012. A dolphin, DNA tested as a Hector's, was found washed up on the Opunake beach on 26 April 2012.^[21]

Cephalorhynchus dolphin sighting information released by DOC in September 2013 includes listing three public sightings of Hector's type dolphins along the coastline immediately north of Wellington in late 2011. Four other sightings occurred between Whanganui and Waitara in early 2012. Another sighting was recorded along the Poverty Bay coast of the North Island at this time. Sightings of this type of dolphin along the coast north of Wellington are infrequent, with the DOC database reporting only seven since 1970.

Hector's dolphins occasionally migrate northwards from the South Island.^[13] Hector's DNA was confirmed from strandings in 2005 at Peka Peka and in 1967 at Waikanae, along the Horowhenua coastline. The DNA evidence was inconclusive on whether they were migrating from the east or west coasts of the South Island. A "potential for a small and elusive resident population of Hector's dolphins along the southern part of the North Island, outside the current range of the Māui's dolphin, or along the northern part of the South Island between the East and West Coast populations of Hector's dolphins..." was found.

During the 2012/2013 summer, the DOC conducted five aircraft and six boat searches, between New Plymouth and Hawera, without seeing any Māui's or Hector's dolphins.^[22] In the two years between July 2012 and July 2014, more than 900 MPI observer days had been conducted out to seven nautical miles from the Taranaki shoreline without sighting any Māui's or Hector's dolphins.^[23]

In May 2015, estimates suggested that the population of Māui's dolphins had declined to 43–47 individuals, of which only 10 were mature females.^[9]

Ecology and behaviour

Vocalizations and echolocation

Māui's dolphins use echolocation to navigate, communicate, and find their food. High-frequency ultrasonic clicks reflect back to the dolphin any objects found in the water.

Foraging and predation

Māui's dolphins feed on small fish, squid, and ocean floor-dwelling species such as flatfish and cod.^[24] Māui's dolphins spend much of their time making dives to find fish on the sea floor. They also find fish and squid in midwater and at times feed near the surface.

Social behaviour and reproduction

Female Māui's dolphins are not sexually mature until they are 7–9 years of age. They then produce one calf every 2–4 years.^[25]

They have been observed playing (e.g. with seaweed), chasing other dolphins, blowing bubbles, and play fighting.^[21]

Very little is known about the Māui's dolphin's reproductive physiology.

Threats

Since records began in 1921, 45 cases of deceased Māui's dolphins have been recorded, though at least six have turned out to be Hector's.^[13] According to the Department of Conservation's Incident Database, 31 of these dolphins either did not have their cause of death assessed or it was unknown. Six deaths were linked to possible or known net entanglement, six deaths to natural causes, and two deaths to human interaction.^[26]

Fishing

Dolphins can get entangled in fishing nets and drown.^[27] The DOC Incident Database contains no reports of a Māui's dolphin mortality in a trawl net.^[19]

Some groups in the fishing industry are against increased bans on set nets into waters further offshore and inside harbours, and say other factors are responsible for the decline in the population, including disease, pollution, mining, and natural predation.^[28]

Since the first major restrictions on commercial fishing to protect Māui's dolphins were imposed in 2003, 12 mortalities have been listed along the west coast of the North Island. Of these, three have been confirmed as Hector's dolphins and the deaths of all but one were from natural causes. The single death attributed to fishing occurred in January 2012.^[29] The most recent dolphin death reported was from old age, with no indications of fishing injury, and she was found on a beach near Dargaville on 13 September 2013. An analysis of microsatellite DNA shows the dolphin was a Māui's.

This DOC Incident Database information is contrary to a NABU paper submitted to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission in June 2013, which referred back to the database that the number of fatal Māui's entanglements in fishing nets has increased, from an average of one per year, to 1.33 per year, since 2008.^[30]

In 2012, the majority of a government-appointed panel of experts estimated that set-netting and trawling resulted in an average of five Māui's dolphin deaths each year.^[3]

Disease

In 2006, Brucella was found in a dead Māui's dolphin and DOC says this bacterial infection could have serious ramifications for the small Māui's population. Brucellosis is a disease of terrestrial mammals that can cause late pregnancy abortion, and has been seen in a range of cetacean species elsewhere,^[31] though not so far in Hector's or Māui's dolphins.

In 2012, post mortem studies on Hector's and Māui's showed that most were infected with the protozoa Toxoplasma. Two of the three Māui's dolphins were killed by toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis is known to reduce fertility in livestock, with cats playing a key role in its transmission. It is not known how toxoplasmosis spread to Māui's and Hector's dolphins, nor is any funding available for research into this.^[19] though Auckland City Council has decided to assist Massey University research by providing cat fecal samples.^[32]

Fishing restrictions

In 2003, a ban on using commercial set nets was added to an existing ban on recreational set netting from Maunganui Bluff (north of Auckland) to Pariokariwa Point (north Taranaki), out to four nautical miles from shore.^[33] In 2008, the restriction on set netting was extended out to seven nautical miles from shore along the same coastal area. In 2008, the existing ban on trawling one nautical mile from this coast was extended to two nautical miles and extended to four nautical miles between Manukau Harbour and Port Waikato.

Set netting is prohibited inside the entrances of the Kaipara, Manukau, and Raglan Harbours and Port Waikato. Current presence of Māui's dolphins further within these harbours is disputed, though they do visit the harbour mouths. After what MPI believed at the time in January 2012 was the capture of a Māui's dolphin off Taranaki (though now says it was 'about as likely as not' to have been a Hector's) in June 2012, the New Zealand government announced an interim set net ban extension south around the Taranaki coast to Hawera and out to two nautical miles from shore,^[60] and set netting only with government observers on board between two and seven nautical miles from land.

In November 2013, the Minister of Conservation Nick Smith, in finalising the Māui's dolphin Threat Management Plan, confirmed^[34] an increase of the Taranaki set net ban of two nautical miles, further out to seven nautical miles between Pariokariwa Point and Waiwhakaiho River near New Plymouth. He said this was due to five public sightings of Hector type dolphins off Waitara since 2006.^[35] Smith also announced codes of practice for seismic surveys would be implemented, regulations for inshore boat racing and the establishment of a Māui's dolphin Research Advisory Group.

DOC's 2014–2015 Conservation Services Programme provides for all set net vessels off Taranaki to continue to have MPI observers on board, with 420 days of MPI observer coverage budgeted for the year to 30 June 2015. Many of the trawl vessels in the area will also now have MPI observers on board to look for Māui's dolphins, with 300 observer days budgeted.^[36]

References

External links

• Department of Conservation – Māui dolphin page
• Forest and Bird – Hector's and Māui's dolphin page
• Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
• Māuis Dolphin New Zealand Event Information Māui's Dolphin New Zealand Event Information
• World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) – species profile for Māui dolphin
• http://www.touscoprod.com/en/project/produce?cleanname=sauvezledauphinMāui

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