| 词条 | McNamara fallacy |
| 释义 |
The McNamara fallacy (also known as quantitative fallacy[1]), named for Robert McNamara, the United States Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968, involves making a decision based solely on quantitative observations (or metrics) and ignoring all others. The reason given is often that these other observations cannot be proven. {{blockquote|The first step is to measure whatever can be easily measured. This is OK as far as it goes. The second step is to disregard that which can't be easily measured or to give it an arbitrary quantitative value. This is artificial and misleading. The third step is to presume that what can't be measured easily really isn't important. This is blindness. The fourth step is to say that what can't be easily measured really doesn't exist. This is suicide.|Daniel Yankelovich "Corporate Priorities: A continuing study of the new demands on business." (1972)}}The fallacy refers to McNamara's belief as to what led the United States to defeat in the Vietnam War—specifically, his quantification of success in the war (e.g. in terms of enemy body count), ignoring other variables.[2] Examples in warfareVietnam WarThe McNamara fallacy originates from the Vietnam War, in which enemy body counts were taken to be a precise and objective measure of success. War was reduced to a mathematical model: by increasing enemy deaths and minimizing one's own, victory was assured. Critics{{Who|date=May 2017}} note that guerrilla warfare and widespread resistance can thwart this formula. McNamara's interest in quantitative figures is seen in Project 100,000. By lowering admission standards to the military, enlistment was increased. Key to this decision was the idea that one soldier is, in the abstract, more or less equal to another, and that with the right training and superior equipment, he would factor positively in the mathematics of warfare. Global War on TerrorDonald Rumsfeld, US Secretary of Defense under George W. Bush, sought to prosecute wars with better data, clear objectives, and achievable goals. Writes Jon Krakauer, ...the sense of urgency attached to the mission came from little more than a bureaucratic fixation on meeting arbitrary deadlines so missions could be checked off a list and tallied as 'accomplished.' This emphasis on quantification has always been a hallmark of the military, but it was carried to new heights of fatuity during Donald Rumsfeld's tenure at The Pentagon. Rumsfeld was obsessed with achieving positive 'metrics' that could be wielded to demonstrate progress in the Global War on Terror.[3] In modern clinical trialsThere has been increasing discussion of the McNamara fallacy in medical literature.[4][5] In particular, the McNamara fallacy is invoked to describe the futility of using progression-free survival (PFS) as a primary endpoint in clinical trials for agents treating metastatic solid tumors simply because PFS is an endpoint which is merely measurable, while failing to capture outcomes which are more meaningful such as overall quality of life or overall survival. See also
References1. ^{{cite book |title = Historians' fallacies: toward a logic of historical thought |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-131545-9 |date=June 1970 |location= New York |oclc= 185446787 |series= Harper torchbooks |edition= first |first= D. H. |last= Fischer |authorlink= David Hackett Fischer |page= 90 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VIvNG8Ect6gC&pg=305}} {{Informal fallacy}}2. ^Baskin, J.S. 2014. "According To U.S. Big Data, We Won The Vietnam War," Forbes Magazine. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathansalembaskin/2014/07/25/according-to-big-data-we-won-the-vietnam-war/#395975054c5a 3. ^Krakauer, Jon. 2009. Where Men Win Glory. NY: Bloomsbury, p. 246. 4. ^{{cite journal |first=Michael H. |last=Basler |title=Utility of the McNamara fallacy |journal=BMJ |year=2009 |volume=339 |issue= |pages=b3141 |doi=10.1136/bmj.b3141 }} 5. ^{{cite journal |title=Progression-Free Survival: Meaningful or Simply Measurable? |first=Christopher M. |last=Booth |first2=Elizabeth A. |last2=Eisenhauer |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |year=2012 |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=1030–1033 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.38.7571 }} 3 : Inductive fallacies|Informal fallacies|Metaphors referring to people |
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