| 词条 | Media of Syria |
| 释义 |
The media of Syria consists primarily of television, radio, Internet, film and print. The national language of Syria is Arabic but some publications and broadcasts are also available in English and French.[1] While television is the most popular medium in Syria, the Internet has become a widely utilized vehicle to disseminate content. Transcending all available media, the government seeks to control what Syrians see by restricting coverage from outside sources.[2] Publications and broadcasts are monitored by members of the government.[1] Syria is ranked as one of the most dangerous places in the world for journalists. There were 28 journalists killed in combat in 2012.[3] MediaPublic media journalists practice self-censorship.[3] Public media consists of television, print, film, radio and internet and social media. Alwatan, a private daily published by businessman Rami Makhlouf, President Assad's cousin, has started recently with a circulation that is growing steadily. Aliqtisadi and Forward Magazine are two private newsmagazines, published by businessman Abdulsalam Haykal, Assad's friend. Forward Magazine, which carries the same name as the New York Jewish weekly, addresses the American audience. A major advertising group owned by Majed Suleiman, son of a former senior intelligence officer, runs the non-political daily Baladna. The only other political publication Abyad wa Aswad (White and Black) is owned by Bilal Turkmani, son of the former defense minister, Hasan Turkmani. Other government-friendly businesspeople started a satellite television channel called Addounia TV, which excludes political news. Television{{Main|Television in Syria}}There is one main broadcaster for both television and radio called the General Organization of Radio and Television Syria (ORTAS). It was founded in 1960 and is based in Damascus. The channel has programs in Arabic, English and French.[1] TV is the most popular media in Syria.[3] Satellite channels
Terrestrial channels
Newspapers{{Main|List of newspapers in Syria}}
FilmThe Syrian film industry is state-run by the Ministry of Culture, which controls production through the National Organization for Cinema. The industry is largely propaganda based, focusing on Syria’s successes in agriculture, health, transportation and infrastructure.[4] RadioThere are over 4 million radios in Syria. They tend to broadcast music, ads and stories relating to culture.[1]
Online{{See also|Telecommunications in Syria}}Providing hosting services is a violation of United States sanctions.[5] Some of the official Syrian government websites include:
News agencies and online news services based in or targeted at Syria, several of which launched during the Syrian civil war, include:
Pro-rebel mediaThe public does have access to Western radio stations and satellite TV, and Qatar-based Al Jazeera has become very popular in Syria.[23] In August 2012, a media centre utilized by foreign reporters in Azaz was targeted by the Syrian Air Force in an airstrike on a civilian area during Ramadan.[17] Television{{Main|Television in Syria}}There are also satellite stations which broadcast outside Syria. Two of the primary satellite networks, Eutelsat and Nilesat, have recently expressed frustrations over the Syrian government preventing satellite TV transmissions broadcast from international outlets.[3] Satellite channels
Press
FilmRecently, the Internet has offered filmmakers a new outlet to broadcast their films. One example of this is that every Friday, since April 2011, volunteers, formed by Abounaddara, have posted a short film on the Internet depicting the social side of the conflict.[20]
Radio
FARAH FM 97.3 Al-Bukamal 96.6 MHz Aleppo 96.6 MHz Al Qunaitra 98.2 MHz Atimah Camps 99.7 MHz Azaz & Afrin 96.6 MHz Al Bab & Manbij 104.4 MHz Damascus 96.9 MHz Daraa 96.9 and 99.4 MHz Hama, Homs 97.6 MHz Idlib 96.6 MHz Kobani 96.7 MHz Latakia 96.6 MHz Qamishli & Amuda 97.6 MHz Suwayda 96.9 and 99.4 MHz Shaddadi (Ash Shaddadi) 97.6 MHz
Internet and social media{{Main |Internet in Syria}}With the breakdown of many traditional media outlets during the civil war, much of the current events are reported by individuals on Facebook and Twitter. However, the reliability of such reports can in many cases not be independently verified by credible news agencies. While many websites have appeared and publish a pro-opposition alternative to regime media, the lack of robust journalistic standards has often benefited the government since correctly denying news reports gives them more credibility.[22]
Prohibitive measures against mediaState of emergency lawThe constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic guaranteed the right to a free press and freedom of expression, but Syria was under a highly restrictive state of emergency law since the Ba'ath Party came to power in 1964 until 2011. Anyone wishing to establish an independent paper or periodical must apply for a license from the Ministry of Information.[25] In 2011 the state of emergency was lifted.[26] This seems to have had no effect what-so-ever on the way the government conducted itself regarding the media, with Syria's ranking actually worsening the following year with journalistic organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists,[27] and Reporters Without Borders[28] both ranking Syria as one of the top four most repressive countries in the world. Internet censorship{{Main |Internet censorship in Syria}}There are over 5 million Internet users in Syria. Reporters Without Borders lists Syria as an “internet enemy” due to high levels of censorship. The Internet is controlled by the Syrian Computer Society (SCS) and the Syrian Telecommunications Establishment (STE).[29] The government monitors activity through the hacking of emails and social networking accounts and phishing. Simultaneously, the government releases pro-Assad propaganda and false information to support its cause.[39] The law requires Internet cafes to record all comments in the online chatrooms.[30] There was a two-day Internet blackout in 2012, which was likely orchestrated by the government.[3] Authorities have blocked journalists and bloggers from attending and reporting on events by arresting and torturing them. This is not limited to Syrian journalists as members of the Associated Press and Reuters have been arrested and expelled from the country for their reporting.[31] Press freedomReporters Without Borders ranked Syria 173rd out of 178 countries in the world on the Press Freedom Index in October 2010. On the Press Freedom Barometer for 2013, the organization reports that 5 journalists have been killed, 21 journalists, 1 media assistant, and 18 netizens have been imprisoned.[31]See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.journalismnetwork.eu/index.php/_en/country_profiles/syria/ |title=Syria-media profile |author=European Neighborhood Journalism Network |date=n.d. |agency=European Neighborhood Journalism Network |accessdate=30 March 2013}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/feb/10/bbc-documentary-syria-state-television |title=BBC documentary examines Syria's state TV channel al Ikhbariya|author=Nick Sturdee |date=10 February 2013 |agency=The Guardian |accessdate=30 March 2013}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=Country profile: Syria|work=BBC News |date=30 January 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703914}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.comedia.cat/proyectos/docu/critical-nationals-_-the-paradoxes-of-syrian-cinema-808.pdf |title=Critical Nationals: The Paradoxes of Syrian Cinema |year=2006 |author=Rasha Salti |work=Kosmorama |publisher=Danish Film Institute (Copenhagen) |accessdate=15 February 2013}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/30/world/middleeast/official-syrian-web-sites-hosted-in-us.html |title=Official Syrian Web sites hosted in U.S. |author=New York Times |date=November 29, 2012 |agency=New York Times |accessdate=April 25, 2013}} 6. ^{{cite news|first=Tom|last=O'Connor|title=Syria at War: As U.S. Bombs Rebels, Russia Strikes ISIS and Israel Targets Assad|url=http://www.newsweek.com/syria-war-us-rebels-russia-isis-israel-569812|publisher=Newsweek|date=17 March 2017|accessdate=28 April 2017}} 7. ^{{cite news|last=McKernan|first=Bethan|title=Syrian army creates unit just for women after so many sign up to fight Isis|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syrian-army-creates-womens-unit-fighting-isis-islamic-state-bashar-al-assad-regime-terror-group-a7558896.html|work=The Independent|date=2 February 2017}} 8. ^{{cite news|title=Forbes Releases Top 50 MENA Online Newspapers; Lebanon Fails to Make Top 10|url=http://www.jadaoun.com/2803/forbes-releases-top-50-mena-online-newspapers-lebanon-fails-to-make-top-10/|accessdate=11 September 2014|work=Jad Aoun|date=28 October 2010}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Têkilî (contact)|url=https://anfkurdi.com/contact|website=ANF News|language=ku}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Interview Adib Abdulmajid|url=https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/education/masters-programmes/management-of-cultural-diversity/interviews/adib/|website=Tilburg University|language=en}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Contact ANHA|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/contact/|accessdate=2 January 2017|quote=Phone +96352463446 (Hasaka Syria number)}} 12. ^{{cite news|last1=Issa|first1=Philip|last2=Mroue|first2=Bassem|title=Misdirected US strike killed 18 allied fighters in Syria|url=https://apnews.com/e4b8e76876d149a8a1dd62fef1a5aff0|work=AP News|date=13 April 2017|location=Beirut}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=About us - Kurd Net - Ekurd.net Daily News|url=http://ekurd.net/about-us|website=Kurd Net - Ekurd.net Daily News}} 14. ^{{Cite web |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-propaganda-terror-group-losses-syria-iraq-a7228286.html |author=Bethan McKernan|title=Isis' new magazine Rumiyah shows the terror group is 'struggling to adjust to losses' |publisher=The Independent|date=2016-09-06|access-date=2016-09-23}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Independent news agency launched in Syria|url=https://www.freepressunlimited.org/en/news/independent-news-agency-launched-in-syria|website=Free Press Unlimited|language=en|date=22 May 2013}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Developing Professional Journalism in Syria|url=https://reports.freepressunlimited.org/2014/projects/developing-professional-journalism-in-syria|website=Free Press Unlimited|date=2015}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/2012815173313836461.html |title=Syrian warplanes hammer rebel border town|date=15 August 2012|work=Al Jazeera|accessdate=15 August 2012}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cjr.org/analysis/syria_media_war.php|title=Syria’s media war|work=Columbia Journalism Review}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Syrian newspapers emerge to fill out war reporting|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/world/middleeast/syrian-newspapers-emerge-to-fill-out-war-reporting.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0}} 20. ^1 {{cite web|title=Two faces of Syrian cinema on show in paris|url=http://jordantimes.com/two-faces-of-syrian-cinema-on-show-in-paris|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204180001/http://jordantimes.com/two-faces-of-syrian-cinema-on-show-in-paris|archivedate=2012-12-04|df=}} 21. ^{{Cite web|title = من نحن ؟|url = http://www.fresh-syria.net/about/|website = Fresh Net|access-date = 2016-01-23}} 22. ^{{Cite news|title = Syrian Newspapers Emerge to Fill Out War Reporting|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/world/middleeast/syrian-newspapers-emerge-to-fill-out-war-reporting.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2013-04-01|access-date = 2016-01-23|issn = 0362-4331|first = Neil|last = Macfarquhar}} 23. ^{{Cite web|title = Kafranbel: a paradigm of creative storytelling (Part 1/2)|url = https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/leila-nachawati/kafranbel-paradigm-of-creative-storytelling-part-12|website = openDemocracy|access-date = 2016-01-23}} 24. ^{{Cite web|title = Rising Up and Rising Down|url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/10/18/rising-up-and-rising-down/|website = Foreign Policy|access-date = 2016-01-23}} 25. ^1 Syria country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (April 2005). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. 26. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/21/us-syria-idUSTRE72N2MC20110421 |title=Syria's Assad ends state of emergency |author=Khaled Yacoub Oweis |date=21 April 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=14 August 2012}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=http://cpj.org/reports/2012/05/10-most-censored-countries.php |title=10 Most Censored Countries |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |date=2 May 2012 |accessdate=14 August 2012}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2011-2012,1043.html |title=Press Freedom Index 2011-2012 |work=Reporters Without Borders |date= |accessdate=14 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230901/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2011-2012%2C1043.html |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df= }} 29. ^{{cite web |title=Syria |year=2012 |work=Reporters Without Borders |url=http://surveillance.rsf.org/en/syria/}} 30. ^{{cite web |title=There is no media in Syria at all |date=11 April 2012 |work=Irish Times |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/there-is-no-media-in-syria-at-all-1.499013}} 31. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Syria |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |date=1 September 2011 |url=http://en.rsf.org/report-syria,163.html}} Further readingJoseph Daher [https://www.opendemocracy.net/north-africa-west-asia/joseph-daher/syria-uprising-and-media-scene Syria, the uprising and the media scene], OpenDemocracy 26 October 2017 External links
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