“Media of the Democratic Republic of the Congo”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are both nationally and internationally state owned and operated.

Freedom of speech and the press

While the constitution provides for freedom of speech and the press, the government has restricted this right in practise. Arrests, murders and other harassment of journalists is frequently reported.

In 2009, the freedom of the press global ranking released each year by Reporters Without Borders ranked the Democratic Republic of the Congo at 146 out of 175 countries.^[1]^[2]

There are several organizations monitoring freedom of the press in the Democratic Republic of the Congo:

"Coupage"

Many journalists in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are subjected to the practise of coupage (in English: cutting), where journalists are paid to write articles on behalf of persons who are the article's actual subject.^[3]^[4] Press independence remains stifled. There are two significant impacts from this practise:

Major newspapers are only nominally privately owned. Journalists must be members of the state-controlled union to practise their profession. The press today is firmly under MPR control. The largest dailies were Elima, Courrier d’Afrique, and Salongo (fr) (10,000).

The majority of print press publications are in French, an official language of the country. Despite their ambitions of national news coverage, it is difficult for these publications to attain broad coverage, both due to challenges in gathering information, and in physically distributing the publications. Many journalists are therefore tied to a city or a region, essentially Kinshasa.

Several daily newspapers are published, of which the majority have a pro-government bias. Some newspapers are published irregularly.

Print publications

Telecommunications

The postal, telephone, and telegraph services are owned and operated by the government. In 2002 there were an estimated 10,000 mainline phones in use nationwide. In 2003 there were an estimated 19 cell phones in use for every 1,000 people. State-controlled radio and television transmissions, operated under Radio-Television Nationale Congolaise (RTNC), are the prominent broadcasting stations, reaching the largest number of citizens. The RTNC radio broadcast of La Voix du Congo, is available in French, Swahili, Lingala, Tshiluba, and Kikongo. There are also many privately run broadcasting stations. In 2001, there were 3 AM and 11 FM radio stations and 4 television stations. In 2003, there were an estimated 385 radios and 2 television sets for every 1,000 people.

Television

Since 1990 many television stations have been broadcasting in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2006, 58 television channels were available. Of these, 38 are in Kinshasa.^[6]

Television stations

Radio

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has many radio stations, the majority of which are based in Kinshasa. The transitional Constitution installed an entity called Haute autorité des Medias (HAM), which oversees media activity, including radio broadcasting.

It is estimated that 60% of broadcasts are in the four national languages: (Kikongo, Lingala, Swahili, Tshiluba). The rest are in French and, rarely, in English.^[7]

Radio stations

See also

References

1. ^Reporters sans frontières : Classement mondial 2009 {{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/fr-classement1001-2009.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023013125/http://www.rsf.org/fr-classement1001-2009.html |archivedate=2009-10-23 |df= }}
2. ^Reporters sans frontières
3. ^Munkeni Lapess Rigobert, « Phénomène du "coupage" en RDC », Panapress
4. ^Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié du Canada, « République démocratique du Congo (RDC) : information sur un journal appelé NUMERICA publié à Kinshasa, notamment sur un article intitulé « La famille n'a plus revu Géraldine Ndundu depuis plus de six mois » paru dans son édition no 664 du 22 février 2005 et sur l'existence d'un journaliste dont les initiales sont « A. B. » (2005-avril 2006) », 21 avril 2006, COD101230.F
5. ^¹²{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/The-arts#toc284127 |accessdate= 10 June 2017 |work= Encyclopædia Britannica |title= Democratic Republic of the Congo: Media and Publishing}}
6. ^{{fr}} Élections RD Congo RDC : à chaque candidat sa télé {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208155734/http://www.infosud-belgique.info/article.php3?id_article=185 |date=2008-12-08 }} - Infosud.be
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/czaire.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-11-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127023859/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/czaire.htm |archivedate=2012-11-27 |df= }} Aménagement linguistique dans le monde : RDC