| 词条 | Meitei literature |
| 释义 |
Early eraThe Meiteis had a long tradition of writing. It is not completely clear when the archaic Manipuripuyas (old scriptures) and the Manipuri script first came into existence. However, the literature of Meitrabak or Manipur includes Loiyamba Shinyen (1110),[2] during the regime of Meidingu Loiyamba (1074–1122), vividly connotes the practice of writing in this era. It has been further confirmed that from the time of Meidingu Thangwai Ningthouba (1467–1508), later as Kiyamba, the Royal Chronicle – Chitharon Kumpaba was continued until the end of kingship (Meidingu Bodhchandra, 1941–1955). {{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The Numit Kappa is a common work.[3] The excerpt below in archaic Meitei is from the Numit Kappa: "Haya he Liklaio / Yipungthou nongthourel o lahalnong / Laicha tarang ipakthakta / … … … ".{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} T.C. Hodson was the first English person to attempt to translate this archaic Meetei literary work into English in his book The Meitheis.[4]OugriThe excerpt in Meitei below is from the beginning part of the Ougri Sheireng (i.e. Ougri Poem): "Hoirou haya haya … … … / He hupe he / Ougri O kollo / Lamlenmada madaimada / Kangleiyonda pungmayonda / Yoimayaibu Taodanbabu / Taoroinaibu Anganbabu /… … … … … … … "Ougri, which was also known as Leiroi Ngongloi Eshei, was also an anonymous and undated poetry written in archaic Meitei. But it is believed to have been written in the pre-Christian era.[5] Medieval era
The Naga boy adopted as son, became King Garibaniwaz, also known as Meidingu Pamheiba and ruled from 1709 to 1748. He was a religious and social reformer, himself a convert from Sanamahi to Chaitanya's school of Vaishnavism (Hinduism). He had led many successful wars, particularly with Burmese kingdoms. In 1729, according to Komo Singha, Meitei Puyas of Sanamahi religion were "burnt completely" at Kangla Uttra under orders of Meidingu Pamheiba.[6] These Puyas contained the holy texts and cultural history of Sanamahi, and were completely devastated.[6]
Medieval era Meitei manuscripts have been discovered by scholars and Christian missionaries, particularly the Puyas.[7][9] These are chronicles, and evidence that Hindus arrived from the Indian subcontinent with royal marriages at least by the 14th century, and in centuries thereafter, from what is now modern Assam, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Dravidian kingdoms, and other regions.[8] Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century, from what is now Bangladesh, during the reign of Meidingu Khagemba.[8] Meitei literature documents the persistent and devastating Manipur-Burma wars.[9]
Other scholars provide a different account to that of Komo Singha. The burning year was 1732,[13] and the word Puya states Soibam Birajit is not found in Meitei chronicles and archaic inscriptions of Manipur, and it is likely a derivative of the ancient Sanskrit word Puranas. Further, if the manuscripts were completely destroyed, all claims as to what was in them and whether they were scriptures, are speculative and without evidence.[13] The Manipur Puya manuscripts that have been discovered, like the Indian Puranas (Hindu, Jain), discuss cosmology, genealogies of gods and goddesses, history of solar (son-based) and lunar (daughter-based) dynasties of kings, and the reign of Manus.[13] While historical evidence suggests Meidingu Pamheiba consigned Puyas to flames, the evidence also suggests he did not burn all Puyas, such as Cheitharol Kumbaba, Numit Kappa and hundreds of classics in his royal library.[13] It is unclear, why the king ordered the burning of a bundle of selected books.[10] See also
External links
References1. ^Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amai Eelon Pukok PuYa (ꯋꯥꯀꯣꯛꯂꯣꯟ ꯍꯤꯂꯦꯜ ꯊꯤꯂꯦꯜ ꯁꯥꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯥꯏ ꯏꯂꯣꯟ ꯄꯨꯀꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯌꯥ) {{DEFAULTSORT:Manipuri Literature}}2. ^Naorem Sanajaoba, Manipur Treaties and Documents-Vol I,1993, New Delhi. Book I: "Twelfth Century Meetei Constitution To Pemberton Report". 3. ^Chanam Hemchandra, Numit Kappa, translated and rendered into modern Meeteilon, 2008, Imphal, Manipur. 4. ^T.C. Hodson, The Meitheis, 1908, London. Appendix II, page 180. 5. ^Ningthoujongjam Khelchandra, History of Ancient Manipuri Literature, Pub-Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, 1969. 6. ^1 {{cite journal |last= Singha|first= Komol|date= 2012|title= Nexus between Conflict and Development in India: A Case of Manipur|url= http://journalsweb.org/siteadmin/upload/24482%20IJHAS015031.pdf|journal= International Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences|volume= 1|issue= 5|pages= 142–143|quote="Further, as an effort to popularise Hinduism and to make it as a state religion, on a full moon day of October (Wakching in Meitei), in 1729 AD, he collected all the Holy books (Puya) related to Sanna-Mahi religion and burnt them completely, devastated the ancient Meitei scriptures and cultural history."|access-date=18 June 2015}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=FS Downs|title=Indian Church History Review: Missionaries and Manuscripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsTYAAAAMAAJ|volume=13|year=1979|publisher=Church History Association|pages=159–163, 167–168}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=12–14}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=3–6, 11–12, 15–18}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|author=Soibam Birajit|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120| year=2014|publisher=ARECOM Publishers|pages=120–121|id=GGKEY:3Z4QYHH8K7K}} 2 : Indian literature|Meetei culture |
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