“Melanoleuca melaleuca”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Melanoleuca melaleuca is a species of mushroom in the Tricholomataceae family, and it is the type species of its genus Melanoleuca. It is difficult to distinguish from other related species firstly because it is variable, secondly because the taxonomic criteria are often based on characteristics which have later been found to be variable, and thirdly because there is much disagreement between authorities as to exactly how the species should be defined.

Description

This description is taken from several references, which generally agree except on microscopic features.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Due partly to the confused taxonomic definitions, this mushroom is very difficult to identify with certainty. Various authorities imply that around M. melaleuca there is a complex of closely related species without clear dividing lines, and that the current analysis (which varies from one author to another) requires more clarification.^[3]^[4]^[5] Much of the taxonomic work on Melanoleuca has been done in Europe and the status of North American specimens is less certain.^[6] However a 2012 paper by Vizzini et al. proposes updated definitions based on DNA analysis and suggests that some progress on these issues is being made.^[11]

Taxonomy and Related Species

Both the species name melaleuca and the genus name Melanoleuca come from the same Ancient Greek words for black (μέλας - melas) and white (λευκόν - leukon).^[12]^[13] The species name was originated by the Swedish mycologist Persoon in his 1801 publication Synopsis Methodica Fungorum,^[14] as Agaricus melaleucus. This formed the basis for the genus name Melanoleuca which was invented by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1897 as a variant of Melaleuca.^[15]

The underside of the cap is whitish, and the top of the cap and the stem are often quite a dark brown, but "black and white" is not a very accurate description in practice.

The species names of common animals are often identical to their genus names (as with Rattus rattus or Bufo bufo), but this form of designation (known as a tautonym) is forbidden for plants and fungi by the International Code of Nomenclature.^[16] Melanoleuca melaleuca narrowly circumvents this rule.

Patouillard had originally named the genus Melaleuca in 1887 and called the type species Melaleuca vulgaris, presumably to avoid a tautonym.^[17] In 1897 Patouillard changed the name of the genus to Melanoleuca.^[15] According to modern nomenclatural rules, the older genus name should normally take precedence, but an exception has been made by the International Botanical Congress and Melanoleuca has been declared a nomen conservandum, that is, a name which is to be considered valid irrespective of the rules of precedence.^[19]

The American mycologist William Murrill devised the name Melanoleuca melaleuca in a 1911 article in the journal Mycologia.^[20] If that is a valid name, again following modern rules, it should take precedence over Melanoleuca vulgaris as it refers to the original species name melaleucus. But in any case, Species Fungorum gives M. vulgaris as a synonym of M. polioleuca, rather than of M. melaleuca (see below),^[21] and Bon implies that M. vulgaris is equivalent to only part of M. melaleuca.

In certain treaments of the genus, including Funga Nordica ^[4] and Flora Agaricina Neerlandica,^[3] M. melaleuca is defined as having no cheilocystidia, but molecular analysis by Vizzini et al. makes it clear that these cystidia may sometimes appear and sometimes be missing in the same species of Melanoleuca, implying that this feature should not be used to characterize the mushroom.^[11] Other treatments specify M. melaleuca as having fusiform cheilocystidia, but recognize a separate closely related species, Melanoleuca graminicola as having no cheilocystidia.^[5]^[6]^[28] According to Index Fungorum the latter is a valid current name,^[29] but the former two references consider M. graminicola to be a synonym of M. melaleuca.

According to its definition (which is admitted to be in need of revision), Funga Nordica also lists Melanoleuca brachyspora, Melanoleuca brevispora, Melanoleuca robertiana and Melanoleuca stridula as synonyms of M. melaleuca.^[4]

The older treatments use various characteristics to delimit the species, for instance Moser distinguishes M. melaleuca as not having a pruinose cap, with a long stem in relation to the cap diameter, having a dark brownish cap colour, with stem not coarsely striate, and having white stem flesh.

Another species which has been confused with M. melaleuca is Melanoleuca polioleuca. In Species Fungorum (the part of Index Fungorum which evaluates current names), apart from the valid entry of M. melaleuca, there is an invalid one designated "Melanoleuca melaleuca sensu NCL"^[31] which is said to be equivalent to the current M. polioleuca.^[32] According to Courtecuisse, M. polioleuca is distinguished by having a dense white "pruina" (a powdery covering) on the stem and by the flesh inside the stem being dark cinnamon rather than pale.^[33]

General

This species is reported to be edible.^[5]^[28] The confusion described in the previous section does not imply any particular culinary danger because (as far as is known) the closely related species are also edible.

It is a widely distributed species, known from Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, and Oceania.^[37]

Like all Melanoleuca it is saprophytic, feeding on organic litter and not being associated with particular types of tree.^[4]

References

1. ^¹{{cite book |author1=Courtecuisse, R. |author2=Duhem, B. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe |publisher=Delachaux et Niestlé |year=1994 |page=204 |isbn=2-603-00953-2}} Also available in English.
2. ^¹²³See "{{cite book |author=C. Bas, Th.W. Kuyper, M.E. Noordeloos et E.C. Vellinga |title=Volume 4 of Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands |publisher=CRC Press |location=Florida |year=1999 |page=153 }}" An on-line preview is available through Google Books at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ablJJike0eYC&pg=PA153].
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵For M. melaleuca and all the species mentioned, see "{{cite book |authorlink=Henning Knudsen |editor2-link=Jan Vesterhout |title=Funga Nordica |publisher=Nordsvamp |location=Copenhagen |year=2008 |pages=347–348}}" The key to Melanoleuca from this work is available on-line in French as part of a "Champignons de Québec" Flickr forum at [https://www.flickr.com/groups/myco-quebec/discuss/72157623987786648/].
4. ^¹This Index Fungorum link shows M. polioleuca as the current name of M. vulgaris.
5. ^¹This Index Fungorum link is for the invalid "sensu NCL" interpretation.
6. ^¹M. graminicola is in Species Fungorum here as a separate species. Also two different invalid meanings of M. graminicola are listed!
7. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book |author=Robert Kühner & Henri Romagnesi |title=Flore analytique des champignons supérieurs (agarics, bolets, chanterelles) |publisher=Masson |location=Paris |year=1974 |language=French |pages=146–147|isbn=2-225-53713-5}} This gives M. humilis, M. brevipes, M. melaleuca and M. graminicola as a few classical examples of species in the group of M. melaleuca, whose innumerable forms can't be specified at present.
8. ^¹²³See the Mushroom Expert entries on the genus, including M. melaleuca and M. graminicola.
9. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.43:4:66.LSJ |title=λευκόν |work=A Greek-English Lexicon; Machine readable text |author=Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott |publisher=Tufts University, Oxford) |accessdate=2017-06-12}}
10. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.45:9:102.LSJ |title=μέλας |work=A Greek-English Lexicon; Machine readable text |author=Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott |publisher=Tufts University, Oxford) |accessdate=2017-06-12}}
11. ^¹²See {{cite book |author=Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant |title=Keys to Agarics and Boleti |publisher=Roger Phillips |location=15a Eccleston Square, London |year=1983 |pages=147–149 |isbn=0-9508486-0-3}}
12. ^¹{{cite journal |title=Illustrations of fungi – IX |journal=Mycologia |author=Murrill WA. |year=1911 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=165–69 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0003/004/0165.htm |doi=10.2307/3753083}}
13. ^¹See article 23.4 of {{cite book |author1=McNeill, J. |author2=Barrie, F.R. |author3=Buck, W.R. |author4=Demoulin, V. |author5=Greuter, W. |author6=Hawksworth, D.L. |author7=Herendeen, P.S. |author8=Knapp, S. |author9=Marhold, K. |author10=Prado, J. |author11=Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F. |author12=Smith, G.F. |author13=Wiersema, J.H. |author14=Turland, N.J. |year=2012 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title }}
14. ^¹See article 14 and appendix IIIB of "{{cite book|title=International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (VIENNA CODE) |author=J. McNeill |year=2006 |location=Vienna |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG |isbn=3-906166-48-1 |url=http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006231936/http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm |archivedate=2012-10-06 |df= }}"
15. ^¹{{cite book |title=Les Hyménomycètes d’Europe. Anatomie et Classification des Champignons Supérieurs |author=Patouillard N. |year=1887 |location=Paris |publisher=Paul Klincksieck |volume=4 |page=96 |language=French }}
16. ^¹²The justification for the name Melanoleuca is the entry in Patouillard's book in which he simply refers to two species with that spelling instead of Melaleuca - perhaps the alteration was a mistake. {{cite book |title=Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie. Catalogue raisonné des plantes cellulaires de la Tunisie. |author=Patouillard N. |year=1897 |location=Paris |publisher=Imprimerie Nationale |page=22 |language=French |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9_des_plantes_cellulai.html?id=EloYAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y}}
17. ^¹{{cite book |title=Synopsis Methodica Fungorum |author=Persoon CH. |year=1801 |location=Gottingen |publisher=Apud H. Dieterich |page=355 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UugVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Synopsis%20methodica%20fungorum&pg=RA2-PA355 |language=Latin}}
18. ^¹"sensu NCL" means "in the sense of {{cite book |title=New check list of British agarics and boleti |author=R. W. G. Dennis, P. D. Orton & F. Bayard Hora |year=1960 |location=London & New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}" This is also largely available on the internet as transactions of the British Mycological Society (for instance http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59351/0043/index.htm#2).
19. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=288051 |title=Melanoleuca melaleuca (Pers.) Murrill 1911 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank |accessdate=2010-12-09}}
20. ^¹²{{cite journal |title=A preliminary ITS phylogeny of Melanoleuca (Agaricales), with special reference to European taxa |journal=Mycotaxon |first1=Alfredo |last1=Vizzini |first2=Roberto |last2=Para |first3=Roberto |last3=Fontenla |first4=Stefano |last4=Ghignone |first5=Enrico |last5=Ercole |year=2012 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=361–381 |doi=10.5248/118.361}}
21. ^¹{{cite book |vauthors=Zhishu B, Zheng G, Taihui L |title=The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press) |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York, NY |year=1993 |page=328 |isbn=962-201-556-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cAered-vqYC&lpg=PA328&dq=Melanoleuca%20melaleuca&pg=PA328}}