词条 | Mendel Sachs |
释义 |
|name = Mendel Sachs |image = Mendel_Sachs.jpg |caption = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|04|13|mf=yes}} |birth_place = Portland, Oregon, United States |death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|05|05|1927|04|13|mf=yes}} |death_place = Buffalo, New York, United States |residence = United States |citizenship = |nationality = American |fields = {{plainlist|
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}} |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |thesis_title = Interactions in Paramagnetic Salts |thesis_year = 1954 |thesis_url = |known_for = Unified field theory |influences = |influenced = |awards = |religion = |signature = |footnotes = | spouse = {{marriage|Yetty Herman|1952}}{{sfn|LLNL|2012}} | children = 4{{sfn|LLNL|2012}} }} Mendel Sachs ({{IPAc-en|z|ɑː|k|s}}; April 13, 1927 – May 5, 2012) was an American theoretical physicist. His scientific work includes the proposal of a unified field theory that brings together the weak force, strong force, electromagnetism, and gravity. BiographyEarly life and educationSachs was born in Portland, Oregon, the third son of a rabbi. When just four months old, Sachs moved with his family to Toronto, Canada, where he grew up and attended school.{{sfn|Ram|1999|p=201}} In March 1945, when Sachs was 17 years old, he enlisted to serve in the US Navy during World War II.{{sfn|Ram|1999|p=202}} The Sachs family moved back to the United States to Los Angeles where other family members had already moved from Portland. From middle of 1945 onward, Sachs considered Los Angeles to be his hometown. After the war, in August 1945 Sachs enrolled in the Navy Eddy program in Chicago learning about electronics and radar equipment. He was then assigned to an aircraft carrier based in San Francisco that had been badly damaged in the war by a kamikaze airplane. In July 1946 Sachs spoke with the Executive Officer of the ship, explaining that he wanted to go to college and study physics and received an early Honorable Discharge from the Navy in August 1946.{{sfn|Ram|1999|p=203}} Sachs earned his bachelors at the University of California, Los Angeles,{{sfn|LLNL|2012}} he then moved to Columbia University, New York for postgraduate study. Sachs had heard of the research at Columbia University while at UCLA. During that time Columbia's physics department was chaired by Isidor Isaac Rabi and was home to two Nobel laureates (Rabi and Enrico Fermi) and seven future laureates (Polykarp Kusch, Willis Lamb, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, James Rainwater, Norman Ramsey, Charles Townes and Hideki Yukawa) While at Columbia Sachs was taught by Willis Lamb and Hideki Yukawa.{{sfn|Ram|1999|p=208}} Yukawa had agreed to be Sach's thesis advisor, but Sachs decided to complete his doctorate back at UCLA so that he could be reunited with Yetty Herman whom he married in 1952.{{sfn|Ram|1999|p=209}} CareerFollowing the award of his PhD in 1954 Sachs first post-doctoral position was at the new University of California Radiation Laboratory at both Berkeley and Livermore,{{sfn|Ram|1999|p=210}} which was run by Edward Teller and Ernest Lawrence and was also home to Bryce DeWitt, who Sachs would later co-author articles with in Physics Today. The new laboratory was intended to spur innovation and provide competition to the nuclear weapon design laboratory at Los Alamos in New Mexico, home of the Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic weapons. In his new job Sachs intended to get in contact with Albert Einstein at his office at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton to arrange an appointment to discuss his research program. Sachs wanted to explore with him the features of nonlocality and nonlinearity that are absent in the quantum theory, but must be present in a field theory. Unfortunately Einstein died in April 1955 and Sachs never had the opportunity to talk to him about his ideas.{{sfn|Ram|1999|p=210}} In 1956 Sachs became a Senior Scientist at Lockheed Missiles and Space Laboratory,{{sfn|LLNL|2012}}{{sfn|About Me}} Based in Sunnyvale and adjacent to the NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, Moffett Field, Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Systems was and continues to be one of the most important satellite development and manufacturing plants in the United States, covering 412 acres. While at Lockheed Sachs began developing with Solomon Schwebel a field theory of quantum electrodynamics that included broken symmetries that did not require recourse to renormalization or perturbation techniques – the "Schwebel-Sachs" model. During this time Sachs was also employed as Assistant Professor of Physics at San Jose State College. In 1961 he became a Research Professor at McGill University; this was followed by a post as Associate Professor of Physics at Boston University (1962–1966). In 1964 while at Boston University Sachs received an invitation from Paul Dirac to visit Cambridge University. Sachs, his wife and children first stayed for a one-month in Ireland, at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies where Sachs discuss various problems with Cornelius Lanczos, who had been one of Einstein's assistants in Berlin in the 1920s.{{sfn|Ram|1999|p=216}} Sachs also had discussions with Lanczos' colleagues John Lighton Synge, J. R. McConnell and Lochlainn O'Raifeartaigh.{{sfn|Sachs|2002}} Following his trip to Ireland, Sachs stayed in England for three months where his wife Yetty had family. Sachs worked with Paul Dirac at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Cambridge University. While working with Dirac, Sachs also had the opportunity to discuss ideas with John G. Taylor, John Polkinghorne and graduate students at DAMTP.{{sfn|Ram|1999|p=216}} In 1965 Sachs had had a breakthrough while at the Aspen Physics Institute, Colorado. Sachs was able to derive a result for a unified field theory if quantum mechanics was considered to be a linear approximation for a field theory of inertia expressed in general relativity. Sachs argued that the work of Einstein and Schrödinger in general relativity did not yet take account of the inertia of matter, which required consideration of the Mach principle. In the summer of 1966 Abdus Salam invited Sachs to spend a few months at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, in Trieste, Italy. During this time Sachs published the details of his formal structure of quantum mechanics from a generally covariant field theory of inertia in the Italian journal, Il Nuovo Cimento. In the Autumn of 1966 he was appointed Professor of Physics at State University of New York at Buffalo. Sachs was an editor for the International Journal of Theoretical Physics.{{sfn|Sachs|1969|p=51}} On his retirement in 1997 he was given the title Professor of Physics Emeritus.{{sfn|About Me}} A symposium was held in Sachs honour to mark his retirement, the event was attended by Nobel laureates Willis E. Lamb and Herbert A. Hauptman and a subsequent festschrift was published.{{sfn|Spina|1997}} Sachs published 13 books and over 200 journal articles during his life.{{sfn|Sachs|2012}} Research{{Technical|date=September 2017}}Unified field theorySachs progressed towards completing Albert Einstein's unified field theory, i.e. unifying the fields in general relativity, from which quantum mechanics emerges under certain conditions. His theory rests on three axioms. The general idea is (1) to make precise the principle of relativity, aka general covariance. To do this, Sachs found, requires (2) generalizing Einstein's Mach principle, positing that all manifestations of matter, not only inertial mass, derive from the interaction of matter. From this, (3) quantum mechanics can be seen to emerge via the correspondence principle, as a nonrelativistic approximation for a theory of inertia in relativity. The result is a continuous quaternion-based formalism modeling all manifestations of matter. Sachs called the transformation symmetry group that Einstein sought in completing general covariance 'the Einstein group', which approaches the Poincaré group towards the flat spacetime of special relativity. Sachs described how quantum mechanics, first in relativistic two-component spinor form, and then under low energy-momentum as Schrödinger's equation emerges therefrom.{{sfn|Sachs|1986}} Quoting Sachs, "...by dropping the (unnecessary) space and time reflection symmetry elements from Einstein's field equations, they factorize from 10 independent relations to 16 independent relations. This generalization then yielded a unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism. This factorization is entirely analogous to Dirac's factorization of the Klein Gordon equation to yield the special relativistic spinor form of Schrödinger's wave mechanics." "The well known trouble with RQFT," Sachs wrote, "is that when its formal expression is examined for its solutions, it is found that it does not have any! This is because of infinities that are automatically generated in this formulation."{{sfn|About Me}} Through general relativity, he instead produced a myriad of theoretical results without resorting to arbitrary parameters or renormalization, some in closer agreement with experiment than derived from quantum field theory, e.g. for the Lamb splitting with N = 4.{{sfn|Sachs|1982}} Yet another phenomenon that Sachs' theory can accommodate (that standard cosmology might not) is the Huge-LQG large quasar group, since general relativity does not presuppose homogeneity or isotropy, i.e. the cosmological principle. Sachs believed that fundamental incompatibilities between relativity theory and quantum theory preclude there from being a quantum theory of gravity.{{sfn|Sachs|2004}} PublicationsSelected academic papers{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}{{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=Interactions in Paramagnetic Salts|journal=University of California, Los Angeles|date=1954|bibcode=1954PhDT.........5S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=Nuclear Hyperfine Structure of Mn++|journal=Physical Review|volume=90|issue=6|year=1953|pages=1058–1060|issn=0031-899X|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.90.1058|bibcode= 1953PhRv...90.1058S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Hurd|first1=F. Kenneth|last2=Sachs|first2=Mendel|last3=Hershberger|first3=W. D.|title=Paramagnetic Resonance Absorption of Mn++ in Single Crystals of CaCO3|journal=Physical Review|volume=93|issue=3|year=1954|pages=373–380|issn=0031-899X|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.93.373|bibcode=1954PhRv...93..373H|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=Semiempirical Model for Direct Nuclear Breakup Reactions|journal=Physical Review|volume=103|issue=3|year=1956|pages=671–673|issn=0031-899X|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.103.671|bibcode=1956PhRv..103..671S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=Selection Rules for the Absorption of Polarized Electromagnetic Radiation by Mobile Electrons in Crystals|journal=Physical Review|volume=107|issue=2|year=1957|pages=437–445|issn=0031-899X|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.107.437|bibcode=1957PhRv..107..437S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=Implications of Parity Nonconservation and Time Reversal Noninvariance in Electromagnetic Interactions|journal=Annals of Physics|volume=6|issue=3|year=1959|pages=244–260|issn=0003-4916|doi=10.1016/0003-4916(59)90081-8|bibcode=1959AnPhy...6..244S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|last2=Schwebel|first2=Solomon L|title=Implications of Parity Nonconservation and Time Reversal Noninvariance in Electromagnetic Interactions: Part II. Atomic Energy Levels|journal=Annals of Physics|volume=8|issue=4|year=1959|pages=475–508|issn=0003-4916|doi=10.1016/0003-4916(59)90074-0|bibcode=1959AnPhy...8..475S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Low|first1=William|last2=Seitz|first2=Frederick|last3=Turnbull|first3=David|last4=Sachs|first4=Mendel|title=Paramagnetic Resonance in Solids|journal=Physics Today|date=1960|volume=13|issue=9|pages=48–50|doi=10.1063/1.3057120|bibcode=1960PhT....13i..48L}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|last2=Schwebel|first2=Solomon L.|title=A Self-consistent Field Theory of Quantum Electrodynamics|journal=Il Nuovo Cimento|date=1961|volume=21|issue=2|pages=197–229|doi=10.1007/BF02747777|bibcode=1961NCim...21S.197S|issn=0029-6341|ref=hav}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|last2=Schwebel|first2=Solomon L.|title=On Covariant Formulations of the Maxwell‐Lorentz Theory of Electromagnetism|journal=Journal of Mathematical Physics|volume=3|issue=5|year=1962|pages=843–848|issn=0022-2488|doi=10.1063/1.1724297|bibcode=1962JMP.....3..843S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=On Spinor Connection in a Riemannian Space and the Masses of Elementary Particles|journal=Il Nuovo Cimento|volume=34|issue=1|year=1964|pages=81–92|issn=0029-6341|doi=10.1007/BF02725871|bibcode=1964NCim...34...81S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=A Spinor Formulation of Electromagnetic Theory in General Relativity|journal=Il Nuovo Cimento|volume=31|issue=1|year=1964|pages=98–112|issn=0029-6341|doi=10.1007/BF02731539|bibcode=1964NCim...31...98S|ref=harv}} {{cite book |last1=Sachs |first1=Mendel |title=Quantum Electrodynamics from the Point of View of Topological Groups |date=1966 |publisher=Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories |location=Bedford, Massachusetts |oclc=58405300 |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0649266 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20170507134533/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0649266 |archivedate=7 May 2017 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |df= }} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=Space, Time and Elementary Interactions in Relativity|journal=Physics Today|volume=22|issue=2|year=1969|pages=51–60|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.3035402|bibcode=1969PhT....22b..51S|ref=harv|url=http://personales.unican.es/lopezqm/fbe/elmenu/teoria/EspacioTiempoEinstein.pdf}} {{cite journal|last1=Bilaniuk|first1=Olexa-Myron|last2=Brown|first2=Stephen L.|last3=DeWitt|first3=Bryce|last4=Newcomb|first4=William A.|last5=Sachs|first5=Mendel|last6=Sudarshan|first6=E. C. George|last7=Yoshikawa|first7=Shoichi|authorlink3=Bryce DeWitt|authorlink4=William Newcomb|authorlink6=E. C. George Sudarshan|title=More About Tachyons|journal=Physics Today|volume=22|issue=12|year=1969|pages=47–52|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.3035294|bibcode=1969PhT....22l..47B|ref=harv}} {{Cite journal|title = On the Most General Form of a Field Theory from Symmetry Principles|url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v226/n5241/abs/226138a0.html|journal = Nature|year = 1970|pages = 138–139|volume = 226|issue = 5241|doi = 10.1038/226138a0|first = Mendel|last = Sachs|bibcode=1970Natur.226..138S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Ballentine|first1=Leslie E.|last2=Pearle|first2=Philip|last3=Walker|first3=Evan Harris|last4=Sachs|first4=Mendel|last5=Koga|first5=Toyoki|last6=Gerver|first6=Joseph|last7=DeWitt|first7=Bryce|title=Quantum‐Mechanics Debate|journal=Physics Today|volume=24|issue=4|year=1971|pages=36–44|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.3022676|bibcode=1971PhT....24d..36.|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=A Resolution of the Clock Paradox|journal=Physics Today|volume=24|issue=9|year=1971|pages=23–29|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.3022927|bibcode=1971PhT....24i..23S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=On the Electron-Muon Mass Doublet from General Relativity|journal=Il Nuovo Cimento B|volume=7|issue=2|year=1972|pages=247–264|issn=1826-9877|doi=10.1007/BF02743598|bibcode=1972NCimB...7..247S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=On the Lifetime of the Muon State of the Electron-Muon Mass Doublet|journal=Il Nuovo Cimento B|volume=10|issue=1|year=1972|pages=339–347|issn=1826-9877|doi=10.1007/BF02911430|bibcode=1972NCimB..10..339S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=On Stellar Collapse and the Black Hole Limit from a Dynamical View|journal=Annales de l'I.H.P. Physique Théorique|date=1978|volume=28|issue=4|pages=399–405|url=http://archive.numdam.org/article/AIHPA_1978__28_4_399_0.pdf|bibcode=1978AIHPA..28..399S}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=A New Look at Electromagnetic Field Theory|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=10|issue=11-12|year=1980|pages=921–936|issn=0015-9018|doi=10.1007/BF00708689|bibcode=1980FoPh...10..921S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=A Pulsar Model from an Oscillating Black Hole|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=12|issue=7|year=1982|pages=689–708|issn=0015-9018|doi=10.1007/BF00729806|bibcode= 1982FoPh...12..689S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=M.|title=On the Possible Origin of CP violation in Neutral-Kaon Decay|journal=Il Nuovo Cimento A|volume=72|issue=4|year=1982|pages=361–376|issn=0369-3546|doi=10.1007/BF02902480|bibcode=1982NCimA..72..361S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=On the Problem of Cosmology|journal=Physics Essays|volume=6|issue=1|year=1993|pages=32–38|issn=0836-1398|doi=10.4006/1.3029034|bibcode=1993PhyEs...6...32S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=On the Rotation of Galaxies from General Relativity|journal=Physics Essays|volume=7|issue=4|year=1994|pages=490–494|issn=0836-1398|doi=10.4006/1.3029169|bibcode=1994PhyEs...7..490S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=An Interpretation of the Top-Quark Mass in Terms of a Proton Mass Doublet in General Relativity|journal=Il Nuovo Cimento A|volume=108|issue=12|year=1995|pages=1445–1449|issn=0369-3546|doi=10.1007/BF02821060|bibcode=1995NCimA.108.1445S|ref=harv}} {{cite book|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|editor1-last=Barrett|editor1-first=Terence W.|editor2-last=Grimes|editor2-first=Dale M.|title=Advanced Electromagnetism: Foundations, Theory and Applications|date=1995|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=9810220952|pages=541–559|chapter=Relativistic Implications in Electromagnetic Field Theory|doi=10.1142/9789812831323_0019|lccn=96122946|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OdnsCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=Changes in Concepts of Time from Aristotle to Einstein|journal=Astrophysics and Space Science|volume=244|issue=1-2|year=1996|pages=269–281|issn=0004-640X|doi=10.1007/BF00642298|bibcode=1996Ap&SS.244..269S|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=On the Source of Anisotropy in Cosmic Radiation from General Relativity|journal=Nuovo Cimento A|date=1997|volume=110A|issue=6|pages=611–613|url=https://en.sif.it/journals/nca/econtents/1997/110/06/article/6|bibcode=1997NCimA.110..611S}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=On Unification of Gravity and Electromagnetism and the Absence of Magnetic Monopoles|journal=Nuovo Cimento B|date=1999|volume=114B|issue=2|pages=123–126|issn=0369-3554|bibcode=1999NCimB.114..123S|ref=harv}} {{cite book|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|editor1-last=Evans|editor1-first=Myron W.|title=Advances in Chemical Physics, Volume 119, Part 1: Modern Nonlinear Optics|chapter=Symmetry in Electrodynamics: From Special to General Relativity, Macro to Quantum Domains|date=2001|url=http://www.cheniere.org/references/Symmetry_in_Electrodynamics.pdf|pages=677–707|doi=10.1002/0471231479.ch11|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780471389309|ref=harv}} {{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Mendel|title=Cornelius Lanczos – Discoveries in the Quantum and General Relativity Theories|journal=Annales Fondation Louis de Broglie|date=2002|volume=21|issue=1|pages=85–92|url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0206054.pdf|arxiv=quant-ph/0206054|ref=harv|bibcode=2002quant.ph..6054S}}{{refend}} Books{{refbegin|35em}}
Sachs served as editor in the following books: {{refbegin|35em}}
Festschrift{{refbegin|35em}}
CitationsReferences{{refbegin|35em}}
External links
23 : 1927 births|2012 deaths|Relativity theorists|Theoretical physicists|University of California, Los Angeles alumni|Columbia University alumni|Quantum physicists|20th-century American physicists|Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff|Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory people|Lockheed Martin people|Lockheed Missiles and Space Company people|San Jose State University faculty|McGill University faculty|Boston University faculty|Cambridge mathematicians|University at Buffalo faculty|Scientists from Portland, Oregon|People from Toronto|People from Los Angeles|Scientists from Buffalo, New York|Jewish American scientists|Jewish physicists |
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