“Mercury (train)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mercury was the name used by the New York Central Railroad for a family of daytime streamliner passenger trains operating between midwestern cities. The Mercury train sets were designed by the noted industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss, and are considered a prime example of Art Deco design. The success of the Mercury led to Dreyfuss getting the commission for the 1938 redesign of the NYC's flagship, the 20th Century Limited, one of the most famous trains in America.

The first Mercury, operating on a daily roundtrip between Cleveland and Detroit, was introduced on July 15, 1936.{{sfn|MDOT|2014|p=19}}^[1]^[1]{{refn|group=note|Cook says July 13.{{sfn|Cook|1991|p=2}}}} The Chicago Mercury, between Chicago and Detroit, and the Cincinnati Mercury, between Cincinnati and Detroit, followed.{{sfn|Cook|1991|pp=7, 10}} The Mercurys lasted until the 1950s, with the final survivor, the original Cleveland Mercury, making its last run on July 11, 1959.{{sfn|Cook|1991|p=11}}

A fourth train, the James Whitcomb Riley between Chicago and Cincinnati, used the same design for its train sets and is considered part of the Mercury family, although it did not bear the Mercury name. The Riley debuted in 1941 and lasted into the Amtrak era, though no longer a streamliner.{{sfn|Cook|1991|p=9}}^[2]

Design

In the mid-1930s, the New York Central launched an experiment to enhance its passenger traffic in the midwest. The goal was a new streamlined service focusing on speed and innovation. "Mercury," the name of the Roman god of messengers, was chosen for its connotations of speed; the name was announced to the public on May 14, 1936.^[3] The new train was marketed as the "Train of Tomorrow"^[5]^[4] (not to be confused with the General Motors concept train of the 1940s), reflecting the emphasis on innovation.

In 1934, Dreyfuss had gained attention for the New York Central with his streamlined design for the Commodore Vanderbilt locomotive.^[5] This was his first railroad design; he was best known for his work on consumer products like telephones, fountain pens and vacuum cleaners. In 1935, the Central asked him to take on the new project.

Here is his description of how the plan developed: {{quote|The final designs were approved ... but when they were put out for bid prices were so out of line that the project was canceled. It was a heavy blow when I received the bad news, for the trains had been a major effort for our office. I decided to take the rest of the day off, and I boarded a train for the country. En route, traveling the railroad yards of Mott Haven, I saw the answer. I got off the train, returned to New York and suggested [to the Central president] that some of the used cars in the yards might be converted. Out of them the successful Mercurys were built at one quarter of the original figure. The Mercurys have been called a turning point in railroad design. They were the first streamliners done as a unit, inside and out, integrating everything from locomotives to dinner china.^[7]}}

The train's first cars were rebuilt from surplus suburban commuter coaches like those that Dreyfuss saw unused.{{sfn|Schafer|Welsh|1997|p=151}}

Locomotive and Exterior

Of Dreyfuss's railroad designs, the locomotives got the most notice, so much so that his work on passenger cars is often overlooked entirely. For the Mercury, he achieved a streamlined appearance by covering the exterior pipes, whistles, and other fittings in a smooth "bathtub" cowl. The sides of the cowl were cut away to show the driving wheels. {{quote|"The ... drivers sported centers painted in aluminum with a black band separating the aluminum discs from the aluminum rim and tire. Dreyfuss had installed three 50-watt and two 15-watt lamps under the cowling on either side to illuminate the drivers and rods. The effect at night was most striking.{{sfn|Cook|1991|p=6}}^[9]}}

The lights illuminating the driving wheels was a novel concept and purported to be the first of their kind.^[10] The Mercury trains also incorporated roller bearings on their axles,^[5] which helped them reach their speed limit of {{convert|80|mph}}, but also made them harder to stop.^[11] Although in service the speed would be restricted to 80 mph, it was reported that the train's top speed was over {{convert|100|mph}}.^[12]

It has been said that, "As opposed to [some of his] contemporaries, Dreyfuss was not a stylist: he applied common sense and a scientific approach to design problems." However, it can be seen from his treatment of the driving wheels that Dreyfuss was not above paying close attention to merely stylistic, non-functional details.

The exterior of locomotive and cars was medium gray with brushed aluminum trim. On each side, the passenger cars displayed the Mercury logo in the form of a silver medallion, showing the god Mercury in traditional representation with winged cap and sandals.{{sfn|Cook|1991|pp=5, 22}}

Interior

For the Mercury, Dreyfuss, approached the design of the train as an integrated whole, interior and exterior, from the locomotive to the rear observation car. His goal was to recreate the atmosphere of a private club.{{sfn|Cook|1991|p=3}} His primary concern toward that end was to mitigate the rigid uniformity and long, narrow form of the conventional railroad car.{{sfn|Cook|1991|p=7}} Although each car was functionally separate, Dreyfuss's design minimized the divisions between cars. He did this partly by having interior sections that spanned car boundaries. For instance, the coach section comprised the rear of the first car, the whole of the second, and the forward part of the third. The kitchen was in the rear of the third, while the dining room was in the following car.

He also sought to integrate the cars by the design of the vestibules.^[14] He made each vestibule semi-circular and widened the passageway between cars to 1.60 meters (5 feet, 3 inches). The intended effect, when cars were coupled together, was of a single circular room, like a miniature rotunda.{{sfn|Cook|1991|p=5}} Fabric and rubber buffers between cars and above bogie springs were also added to reduce vibrations.^[14]

Within cars, Dreyfuss applied several techniques to break up the space and make it less linear. In the second car, for instance, he interrupted the rows of seating by placing two pairs of seats facing each other across the aisle in the middle of the coach section. Similarly, in the sixth, a parlor car, he broke the seating into two sections with a small private compartment, seating six, in between them. The dining room had three sections. Two of them were conventional seating, but the middle section was made up of tables for two people seated side-by-side, facing the center aisle. The dining car also had a small lounge section, seating six, for people waiting to be seated.{{sfn|Cook|1991|pp=3-5, 20}}

Dreyfuss also applied innovation to the round-ended observation car, a common amenity of premier trains of the time. To maximize the view, he lowered the sills in the observation area by 30 cm (12 inches), allowing 1.23 m (four foot) high windows. Instead of having the seating around the walls, facing in, he placed the seating in the center, facing out towards the windows. There were banquettes for three facing each side, and one for two facing the rear. In an extra touch, a speedometer was built into the center banquette, a reminder of how the Central was marketing speed with the Mercury.{{sfn|Cook|1991|p=5}}

Original Train Set

The original, Dreyfuss-designed Mercury train set comprised nine cars:{{sfn|Wayner|1972|pp=22-23}}

The cars were modified for Mercury service in New York Central's Beech Grove, Indiana, shops; the first train operated on test runs in June 1936 on a {{convert|200|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch between Indianapolis and Sheff^[15] reaching speeds of {{convert|93|mph}}.^[16]^[17] For the demonstration runs in early July 1936, the two coaches between the dining and lounge cars were omitted.^[1]^[14]

Named trains, itineraries

Operation

The inaugural Mercury trainset was taken on an exhibition tour throughout the New York Central system in late June and early July 1936.^[14]^[12] The train was displayed^[19] and christened in Indianapolis on June 25,^[20] then made exhibit stops from Indianapolis to New York City, where it was displayed for two days at Grand Central Terminal on June 28 and 29.^[21] In Chicago, it was estimated that about 17,250 people viewed the train in one day when it was on display on July 6 at LaSalle Street Station.^[22]

Revenue service for the Cleveland Mercury, with only a stop in Toledo between its two end points, began on July 15, 1936.{{sfn|MDOT|2014|p=19}}^[23]^[1] By September 1936, New York Central found that the new Mercury service did not impact the ridership on other trains it operated between those two cities.^[24] It proved so popular that another train was built and displayed in Indianapolis in October 1939;^[25] it was built for the Chicago Mercury and was introduced in regular service on November 12, 1939.^[26]^[27] These two train sets serviced both Cleveland Mercury and Chicago Mercury service, but the schedule was such that one train set began the day in Cleveland, ran to Detroit as the Cleveland Mercury, and ran from Detroit to Chicago as the Chicago Mercury, while the other set did the reverse run (the eastbound Chicago Mercury arrived in Detroit after its westbound counterpart had left, so the NYC would have needed an extra train set, if it had not shared sets across trains). The Cleveland run was on a 2:50 hour schedule and the Chicago run took 4:45.{{sfn|Cook|1991|pp=6-9}}

The James Whitcomb Riley was introduced on April 28, 1941, running between Cincinnati and Chicago on a 5:15 hour schedule. It was named after the popular poet because of his association with Indiana and Americana. The equipment was basically the same as the other Mercurys, although it was an all-coach train. The Cincinnati Mercury, running between Cincinnati and Detroit on a 6:30 schedule, followed the Riley into service.

After World War II, the Mercury trains were re-equipped with new lightweight cars.{{sfn|Schafer|Welsh|1997|p=151}} In February 1950, the westbound Detroit-Chicago Mercury was suspended due to coal shortages while the eastbound counterpart remained in service. The cancellation was the result of an Interstate Commerce Commission order to all railroads still using coal-powered locomotives to reduce services.^[28] Service was restored on the westbound route in March 1950.^[29]

The Mercury was touted as one of six convenient passenger trains between Detroit and Chicago (with the Wolverine, Michigan, Twilight, Motor City Special and North Shore Limited) with "departure and arrival times made most convenient for you."^[30] The Mercury trains operated at speeds up to {{convert|80|mph}} throughout their service career.^[31]

The Cincinnati Mercury was the first to fall as rail service contracted, eliminated in October 1957.^[32] The Chicago Mercury was eliminated in April 1958.^[33] The Cleveland Mercury was discontinued on July 11, 1958.

The Riley was retained, although it was no longer a streamliner. In 1971, Amtrak combined the Riley with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway's George Washington. The combined service was renamed Cardinal in 1977, which is still running to this day.

Accidents and incidents

Because the trains regularly operated at speeds of {{convert|75|-|80|mph|km/h}}, accidents occurred at level crossings along their routes. The Mercury's inaugural run between Detroit and Cleveland saw a collision that killed the automobile's driver.^[34] In another accident in Michigan in 1940, the train hit a car at a level crossing, completely destroying the car and killing the driver; the wreckage was pushed about {{convert|3/4|mi}} from the scene of the collision.^[35] In another incident in Ohio in 1938, a truck crossing the track in front of a Mercury train was struck and thrown several hundred feet from the collision site.^[36] The Mercury was also used in an apparent suicide attempt in Niles, Michigan, in December 1940.^[37] Not all level crossing collisions led to death, such as happened in 1958 in Ironwood, Michigan, when a car stalled on the track in front of the Mercury; the driver and passenger of the car were able to jump before the car was destroyed with only the passenger's coat getting caught and torn off.^[31]

The railroad's Commodore Vanderbilt shared part of the route with the Mercury in Ohio. This was a factor in a 1938 collision where the Mercury had hit a car at a crossing, then stopped to investigate; while the Mercury was stopped, the Commodore Vanderbilt, which had been only 5 minutes behind the Mercury by schedule, collided with the rear of the Mercury, resulting in at least 50 people injured, some seriously.^[38]^[39] The engineer of the Vanderbilt had applied the brakes when the signal changed in front of him, but wet rails were attributed as the cause of wheel slipping preventing the Vanderbilt from coming to a stop.^[40]^[41] This was one of several major passenger rail accidents in the United States in 1938, which followed a period of three years when only 10 fare-paying passengers were killed on major rail systems in the country.^[42]

The Mercury was also affected by other incidents on the system, such as on July 25, 1957, when a freight train derailed 22 cars at Ceylon in Erie County, Ohio. The derailment scene was severe enough that New York Central rerouted all of its major passenger trains over a lesser-used branch line to bypass the accident. The detour made the Mercury one hour late that day.^[43]

See also

Notes

1. ^¹²{{cite news| title=Here's Latest in Streamlined Steam Trains| newspaper=The Times| location=Munster, IN| date=July 10, 1936| page=45| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21417667/photos_and_description_of_mercury/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
2. ^{{Sanders-Indiana|page=91}}
3. ^{{cite news| title=Streamline Train Named 'Mercury'| newspaper=Detroit Free Press| date=May 15, 1936| page=3| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21401594/mercury_train_name_announced/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
4. ^{{cite news| title=Tomorrow's Train| newspaper=The Lethbridge Herald| first=A.F.| last=Cross| location=Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada| date=June 16, 1944| page=4| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21394969/mercury_known_as_train_of_tomorrow/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} Reprinted article originally appeared in the Ottawa Citizen.
5. ^{{cite book |last=Drury |first=George H. |year=1993 |title=Guide to North American Steam Locomotives |location=Waukesha, Wisconsin |publisher=Kalmbach Publishing Company |isbn=0-89024-206-2| page=271}}
6. ^Henry Dreyfuss
7. ^{{cite book| last=Dreyfuss| first=Henry| title=Designing for People| location=New York| year=1955| pages=111-113}} (quoted by Cook)
8. ^Henry Dreyfuss
9. ^{{cite magazine| magazine=Railway Age| date=November 7, 1936| page=688}} (cited by Cook)
10. ^{{cite news| title=Mercury Train Due Here Today| newspaper=Democrat and Chronicle| location=Rochester, NY| date=June 26, 1936| page=24| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21392445/demonstration_run_of_mercury_train_in/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
11. ^{{cite news| title=Railroader Was Fastest Man Between Toledo, Cleveland| newspaper= The Sandusky Register| location=Sandusky, Ohio| date=May 31, 1963| page=7| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21390167/ervin_pitcher_memorial_describes/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
12. ^¹{{cite news| title=Streamline Train on Exhibition Tour| author=Associated Press| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun| date=June 26, 1936| page=16| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21418079/mercury_top_speed_over_100mph/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
13. ^Henry Dreyfuss
14. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite news| title=Streamline Train Makes Stop In City| newspaper=Battle Creek Enquirer| location=Battle Creek, MI| date=July 9, 1936| page=3| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21396098/description_of_mercury_during/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
15. ^{{cite news| title=New N.Y. Central Train To Be Tested| newspaper=Reading Times| location=Reading, PA| date=June 19, 1936| page=20| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21418559/description_of_test_runs_for_mercury/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
16. ^{{cite news| title=New York Central Luxury Streamliner, The Mercury, Attains 93 M.P.H. in Test| newspaper=The Indianapolis Star| first=Mary E.| last=Bostwick| date=June 20, 1936| page=12| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21400270/mercury_test_runs_in_indiana/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
17. ^{{cite news| title=New Train Has Unique Design| newspaper=Journal and Courier| location=Lafayette, IN| date=June 19, 1936| page=8| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21417817/mercury_test_runs/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
18. ^June 1951 New York Central timetable http://streamlinermemories.info/NYC/NYC51-6TT.pdf
19. ^{{cite news| title=Magnificent Railroad Train| newspaper=The Hancock Democrat| location=Greenfield, IN| date=July 2, 1936| page=1| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21402118/mercury_displayed_in_indianapolis/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
20. ^{{cite news| title=Mercury Will Have Naming Tomorrow| newspaper=The Indianapolis Star| date=June 24, 1936| page=12| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21418398/naming_and_christening_ceremony_for/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
21. ^{{cite news| title=Large Crowd Views New Streamlined Train During 10-Minute Stop-Over Here| newspaper=The Muncie Morning Star| date=June 26, 1936| page=10| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21401176/mercury_displayed_and_christened_in/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
22. ^{{cite news| title=N.Y.Central Streamline Train Visited by 17,250| newspaper=Chicago Tribune| date=July 7, 1936| page=23| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21397680/mercury_exhibit_popular_in_chicago/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
23. ^¹{{cite news| title=Streamline Train To Link Cleveland, Detroit In 3 Hours| newspaper=The News-Palladium| location=Benton Harbor, MI| date=July 1, 1936| page=4| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21398147/clevelanddetroit_mercury_start_date/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
24. ^{{cite news| title=Railroads Find New Speedsters Boost Revenues| newspaper=Chicago Tribune| date=September 7, 1936| page=38| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21395215/results_from_higher_speed_train_services/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
25. ^{{cite news| title=N.Y. Central Gets New Streamliner| newspaper=Brooklyn Daily Eagle| location=Brooklyn, NY| date=October 15, 1939| page=25| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21400807/chicago_mercury_on_display_in/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
26. ^{{cite news| title=Second Mercury Train To Serve Chicago, Detroit| newspaper=Chicago Tribune| location=Chicago, Illinois| date=October 31, 1939| page=24| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21391349/second_mercury_train_to_serve/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
27. ^{{cite news| title=Maiden Trip of Mercury Is A Reminder of Local 1844 Scene| newspaper=Marshall Evening Chronicle| location=Marshall, MI| date=November 13, 1939| page=1| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21394775/first_run_of_mercury_to_detroit/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
28. ^{{cite news| title=Mercury, West, is Dropped| newspaper=The News-Palladium| location=Benton Harbor, MI| date=February 10, 1950| page=1| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21392645/coal_shortages_curtail_train_services/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
29. ^{{cite news| title=New York Central Restores Service| newspaper=Lansing State Journal| location=Lansing, MI| date=March 9, 1950| page=1| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21401928/nyc_resumes_service_on_many_routes/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
30. ^{{cite news| title=Now! Six Happy Ways to Chicago| author=New York Central Railroad| newspaper=Detroit Free Press| date=December 4, 1956| page=23| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21396764/nyc_ad_for_trains_between_detroit_and/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
31. ^¹{{cite news| title=Speeding Train Rips Off Coat| newspaper=Ironwood Daily Globe| location=Ironwood, MI| date=October 21, 1958| page=6| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21397451/driver_and_passenger_barely_escape/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
32. ^October 1957 New York Central timetable, Table 23 http://www.canadasouthern.com/caso/ptt/images/tt-1057.pdf
33. ^April 1958 New York Central timetable, Tables 9, 10
34. ^{{cite news| title='Mercury' Crew To Be Quizzed In Crossing Mishap| author=Associated Press| newspaper=Battle Creek Enquirer| location=Battle Creek, MI| date=July 16, 1936| page=1| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21396536/mercury_hits_car_on_first_run/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
35. ^{{cite news| title=No Inquest in Crossing Crash| newspaper=Battle Creek Enquirer| location=Battle Creek, MI| date=May 30, 1940| page=5| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21390571/aftermath_of_grade_crossing_accident/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
36. ^{{cite news| title=Man Killed in Crossing Crash| newspaper=The Sandusky Register| location=Sandusky, Ohio| date=February 10, 1938| page=2| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21391190/mercury_train_grade_crossing_crash/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
37. ^{{cite news| title=December| newspaper=The Herald-Press| location=Saint Joseph, Michigan| date=December 31, 1940| page=120| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21397165/mercury_train_used_as_suicide_device/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
38. ^{{cite news| title=5 Killed as Auto Crashes Into Train at Crossing Near Hobart; 34 Are Injured in Ohio Wreck| newspaper=The Indianapolis News| location=Indianapolis, IN| date=August 1, 1938| page=1| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21394294/commodore_vanderbilt_hits_mercury_in/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
39. ^{{cite news| title=Luxury Train Crash Injures 38| newspaper=Clarion-Ledger| location=Jackson, MS| date=August 3, 1938| page=7| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21418253/photo_of_vanderbiltmercury_crash/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} Includes a photo of the Vanderbilt locomotive against the Mercury observation car.
40. ^{{cite news| title=Wet Rails Blamed For Train Crash In Ohio, 33 Injured| newspaper=The St. Louis Star and Times| location=St. Louis, MO| date=August 1, 1938| page=2| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21394579/commodore_vanderbilt_hits_mercury_wet/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
41. ^{{cite news| title=71 Hurt When Trains Collide| author=United Press| newspaper=The Minneapolis Star| location=Minneapolis, MN| date=August 1, 1938| page=2| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21395961/another_account_of_vanderbiltmercury/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
42. ^{{cite news| title=10 Killed in New Rail Crash| newspaper=Carroll Daily Herald| location=Carroll, Iowa| date=September 20, 1938| page=1| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21395423/vanderbiltmercury_crash_only_one_of/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
43. ^{{cite news| title=Field Day Here: Big Name NYC Trains Travel Fremont Rails| newspaper=The News-Messenger| location=Fremont, Ohio| date=July 26, 1957| page=1| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21395698/nyc_detours_passenger_trains_after/| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}