| 词条 | Merikare |
| 释义 |
| name = Merikare | alt_name = Merykare, Merykara | image = Egypte louvre 249 palette.jpg | image_alt = | caption = Scribe palette of the chancellor Orkaukhety, bearing the cartouche of Merikare | role = | reign = c. 2075–2040 BCE | dynasty = 10th Dynasty | coregency = | predecessor = Wahkare Khety ? | successor = possibly an unnamed ephemeral successor,[1] then Mentuhotep II (11th Dynasty) | notes = | prenomen = Merikare[2] mr.j-k3-rˁ Beloved by the ka of Ra | prenomen_hiero = | nomen = possibly Khety[3] Ḥty | nomen_hiero = | horus = | horus_hiero = | horus_prefix = | nebty = | nebty_hiero = | golden = | golden_hiero = | spouse = | children = | father =Wahkare Khety ? | mother = | birth_date = | death_date =approximately 2040 BCE | burial =Pyramid of Merikare | monuments = }} Merikare (also Merykare and Merykara) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 10th Dynasty who lived toward the end of the First Intermediate Period. His name cannot be recognized in the Turin King List. The dates of his reign are uncertain and debated among scholars. ReignAccording to many scholars, he ruled at the end of the 10th Dynasty in his middle-age,[2][3][4][5][6] following a long reign by his father. The identity of his predecessor (the so-called "Khety III" who was the purported author of the Teaching for King Merikare) is still a question of debate among Egyptologists. Some scholars tend to identify Merikare's predecessor with Wahkare Khety.[5][6][7] These sebayt ("teachings", in ancient Egyptian) – possibly composed during the reign of Merikare and fictitiously attributed to his father – are a collection of precepts for good governance. The text also mentions the eastern borders, recently secured, but still in need of the king's attention.[8] In the text, Merikare's unnamed father mentions having sacked Thinis, but he advises Merikare to deal more leniently with the troublesome Upper Egyptian realms.[7] Once crowned, around 2075 BCE,[9] Merikare wisely resigned himself to the existence of two separate kingdoms (the Herakleopolite and the Theban ones) and tried to maintain the policy of peaceful coexistence achieved by his father.[7] It seems that the period of peace brought a certain amount of prosperity to Merikare's realm.[6] Some time later, the pharaoh was forced to sail up the Nile with his court on a great fleet. Once he reached Asyut, the king installed the loyalist nomarch Khety II, who succeeded his deceased father Tefibi;[7] he also made restorations at the local temple of Wepwawet. After that, Merikare advanced farther upstream to the town of Shashotep, likely to quell a revolt, and at the same time as a show of force to the turbulent southern border areas.[10] Merikare died in c. 2040 BCE, a few months before the fall of Herakleopolis. Thus, the final defeat by the Thebans, led by Mentuhotep II of the 11th Dynasty, was likely inflicted upon an ephemeral, unnamed successor.[1] Burial{{main|Pyramid of Merikare}}Many sources suggest that Merikare was buried in a yet-undiscovered pyramid in Saqqara, called Flourishing are the Abodes of Merikare, that had to be near to the pyramid of Teti of the 6th Dynasty.[1] The titles of the officials involved in its construction are documented, as his funerary cult endured into the 12th Dynasty; in fact, Merikare's cartouche appears on the stelae of at least four priests who were responsible for the funerary cult of Teti and Merikare during the Middle Kingdom.[11] They include Gemniemhat who also held other important positions. AttestationsMerikare is the most attested among the Herakleopolite rulers. His name appears on:
Hypothesis of an earlier reignIn 2003 the Egyptologist Arkadi F. Demidchik suggested that Merikare's placement within the dynasty should be reconsidered. According to him, if Merikare reigned during the campaign led by Mentuhotep II then the former's pyramid and its cult couldn't have survived the Theban conquest; again, Merikare likely would not be able to obtain granite from the South as mentioned in the Teachings. Demidchik also argued that the battles for Thinis mentioned by Tefibi and Merikare were the same, being fought in the opposite front by the Theban ruler Wahankh Intef II, thus suggesting that Merikare's reign should be placed some decades earlier than usually thought, when the 10th Dynasty's power was at its peak.[12] References1. ^1 2 William C. Hayes, in The Cambridge Ancient History, vol 1, part 2, 1971 (2008), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-077915}}, pp. 467–78. 2. ^1 Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, 2nd edition, Mainz, 1999, p. 74. 3. ^1 2 Flinders Petrie, [https://archive.org/details/ahistoryegyptfr00petrgoog A History of Egypt, from the Earliest Times to the XVIth Dynasty] (1897), pp. 115-16. 4. ^William C. Hayes, op. cit. p. 996. 5. ^1 Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, Blackwell Books, 1992, pp. 141–45. 6. ^1 2 Michael Rice, Who is who in Ancient Egypt, 1999 (2004), Routledge, London, {{ISBN|0-203-44328-4}}, p. 113. 7. ^1 2 3 William C. Hayes, op. cit. p. 466–67. 8. ^William C. Hayes, op. cit. p. 237. 9. ^Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 2. pp. 97-109. University of California Press 1980, {{ISBN|0-520-02899-6}}, p. 97. 10. ^Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs. An introduction, Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 113. 11. ^James Edward Quibell, [https://archive.org/details/cu31924028671240 Excavations at Saqqara (1905-1906)], Le Caire, Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale (1907), p. 20 ff; pl. XIII, XV. 12. ^1 2 Arkadi F. Demidchik (2003), "The reign of Merikare Khety", Göttinger Miszellen 192, pp. 25–36. Further reading{{Commons category|Merikare}}
5 : 21st-century BC Pharaohs|Pharaohs of the Tenth Dynasty of Egypt|21st-century BC rulers|21st century BC in Egypt|21st-century BC deaths |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。