| 词条 | León, Guanajuato | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = León | official_name = City of León | other_name = León de los Aldama | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = File:León montage.jpg | image_caption = | image_flag = Bandera de León, Guanajuato.png | image_seal = Escudo leon2.jpg | image_shield = | motto = {{lang-es|El trabajo todo lo vence }} ({{Lang-en|Work overcomes everything}}) | image_map = Locatie Leon de los Aldamas.png | map_caption = Location of León in Mexico | coordinates = {{coord|21|07|N|101|41|W|region:MX|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Guanajuato}} | established_title = Founded | established_date = January 20, 1576 | established_title1 = Founded as | established_date1 = Villa de León | founder = Martín Enríquez de Almanza | leader_party = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Oscar Raymundo Manrique Ruvalcaba | area_land_km2 = 1219.67 | elevation_m = 1815 | population_total = 1454793 | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2010 Census | pop_est_as_of = 2015 | pop_est_footnotes =[1] | population_est = 1578626 | population_density_km2 = | population_metro_footnotes =[2] | population_metro = 1630094 | timezone = CST | utc_offset = −6 | timezone_DST = CDT | utc_offset_DST = −5 | area_code = +52 | blank_name = Telephone exchange | blank_info = 477 / 479 | footnotes = Sources: National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Data Processing[3] }}León ({{IPA-es|leˈon}}) is the most populous city and municipality in the Mexican state of Guanajuato. In the 2015 Intercensal Survey INEGI reported 1,578,626 people living in the municipality of León,[1] making it the fourth most populous municipality in Mexico.[4] The metropolitan area of León recorded a population of 1,630,094 in the 2010 Census, making it the seventh most populous metropolitan area in Mexico.[2] León is part of the macroregion of Bajío within the Central Mexican Plateau.[5] León has a strong leather industry, offering shoes, boots, belts, jackets, and other leather accessories to both national and international markets. The leather industry earned its inhabitants the nickname of "Green belly" (panzaverdes in Spanish), because of the green tainting in the workers' bodies resulting from treating leather. Its first-class services and hotel industry make it one of the most important centers in Mexico with numerous opportunities for entertainment, gastronomy, leisure activities, arts, and recreation.[6] It is also considered one of the most environmentally friendly cities in Mexico and has a high number of cyclists, in part because of integrating a network of bike lanes into the SIT system.[7] In March 2012 it received an award as "City Water Champion", mainly due to great progress in the areas of sanitation, wastewater reuse, and energy cogeneration from biogas.[8] GeographyClimate{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2017}}Leon generally has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) with summer rainfall (according to Köppen climate classification, Cwa) that closely borders on a semi-arid climate. The average annual temperature is {{convert|19.9|C|F}}, the warmest month is May with a maximum average of {{convert|31.7|C|F}}, and the coolest month is January with a minimum average temperature of {{convert|7.7|C|F}}. Outside the city microclimate island, the ranges tend to be higher, with maximum averages reaching 2 °C (3.6 °F) higher than in the city, and minimum averages lowered by 3 °C (5.4 °F) or more. In the villages located in between the northern mountains the climate changes; it is considered highland subtropical oceanic climate (Cwb according to Köppen climate classification), the average annual temperature is around {{convert|16|C|F}}. Leon averages {{convert|681|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation annually, which mainly occurs during the summer and early autumn (from late May through October) generally with thunderstorms in the evening. There is usually a discrepancy about whether Leon's valley is either subhumid or semi-arid. Depending on the methodology, it can be considered as being either one or the other. With Köppen's methodology, there needs to be more than {{convert|678|mm|in|0}} of annual precipitation for Leon to be considered as humid subtropical; according to several weather stations it may have both (humid subtropical and semiarid) terminologies applied to it. The years considered in the study may also be a determinant factor (more frequently used for international purposes is a 30 years data compilation). Years of average rainfall are rare; the usual pattern is bimodal, with some large string of dry years usually related to La Niña phenomenon (slightly higher than {{convert|300|mm|in|0}}) followed by other years (around 5) related to El Niño that make up the average (with higher than 39 inches/1000 millimetres). Snowfall is extremely rare. The latest snowfall recorded in Leon was in 1997, although there have been other years of registered slushy snow since 1997. {{Weather box| location = Downtown Leon | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 30.0 | Feb record high C = 33.0 | Mar record high C = 35.5 | Apr record high C = 42.2 | May record high C = 39.5 | Jun record high C = 38.0 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 36.0 | Sep record high C = 33.5 | Oct record high C = 37.0 | Nov record high C = 33.0 | Dec record high C = 36.5 | year record high C = 42.2 | Jan high C = 23.6 | Feb high C = 25.7 | Mar high C = 28.2 | Apr high C = 30.5 | May high C = 31.7 | Jun high C = 29.9 | Jul high C = 27.5 | Aug high C = 27.6 | Sep high C = 27.1 | Oct high C = 26.9 | Nov high C = 25.8 | Dec high C = 24.0 | year high C = 27.4 | Jan mean C = 15.7 | Feb mean C = 17.3 | Mar mean C = 19.5 | Apr mean C = 22.1 | May mean C = 23.7 | Jun mean C = 23.1 | Jul mean C = 21.3 | Aug mean C = 21.4 | Sep mean C = 21.0 | Oct mean C = 19.7 | Nov mean C = 17.9 | Dec mean C = 16.2 | year mean C = 19.9 | Jan low C = 7.7 | Feb low C = 8.9 | Mar low C = 10.9 | Apr low C = 13.8 | May low C = 15.7 | Jun low C = 16.4 | Jul low C = 15.2 | Aug low C = 15.2 | Sep low C = 14.8 | Oct low C = 12.5 | Nov low C = 10.0 | Dec low C = 8.3 | year low C = 12.5 | Jan record low C = 0.0 | Feb record low C = -1.5 | Mar record low C = 0.0 | Apr record low C = 3.0 | May record low C = 8.5 | Jun record low C = 7.0 | Jul record low C = 7.0 | Aug record low C = 3.0 | Sep record low C = 5.0 | Oct record low C = 3.0 | Nov record low C = 1.0 | Dec record low C = -2.5 | year record low C = -2.5 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 15.1 | Feb rain mm = 11.0 | Mar rain mm = 5.7 | Apr rain mm = 8.1 | May rain mm = 24.6 | Jun rain mm = 107.5 | Jul rain mm = 182.6 | Aug rain mm = 160.0 | Sep rain mm = 111.5 | Oct rain mm = 39.3 | Nov rain mm = 9.4 | Dec rain mm = 6.5 | year rain mm = 681.3 | unit rain days = 0.1 mm | Jan rain days = 2.7 | Feb rain days = 1.6 | Mar rain days = 1.3 | Apr rain days = 2.0 | May rain days = 4.9 | Jun rain days = 11.6 | Jul rain days = 16.2 | Aug rain days = 13.3 | Sep rain days = 10.3 | Oct rain days = 5.0 | Nov rain days = 1.3 | Dec rain days = 1.4 | year rain days = 71.6 | source 1 = SMN (normals 1981-2010, extremes 1947-2011)[9][10] | date = July 2014}} EconomyThe city of Leon is well known for its leather and footwear industry. However, in the last decade the city has also developed an important economic activity in the automotive industry. Industrial parksAbout 70% of all shoes made in Mexico come from León and the surrounding area.[11] There are also chemical industry, leather, transportation, plastic, polymer, box companies. There is also cluster of automotive industries, including a General Motors plant in the nearby municipality of Silao. León is also national headquarters of the bank Banco del Bajío owned by Salvador Oñate, and is the headquarters of regional divisions of banks such as Banamex, HSBC etc. Customs facilityA newly built facility within GTO Inland Port's premises speeds up the logistics process. Clearing customs in a border city or seaport is no longer a requirement for companies located in GTO Inland Port; now they use this very convenient facility. Rail container facilityA rail container yard is now offering inter-modal services for rail transportation. The facility is operated by the largest rail company in Mexico and has one of the longest rail spurs in the Country. ExpositionsIn the Poliforum there are trade fairs throughout the year. The principal two are Sapica (Shoe Fair), and ANPIC (suppliers of the shoe industry). History{{see also|Timeline of León, Mexico}}In the León area there are ten distinct archeological zones, dating from the pre-classic Mesoamerican period.[12] Most of these are identified with the Chupícuaro culture.[13] By the Classic period, the area was under Teotihuacan and Toltec influence. In the 13th century, the Chichimecas, mostly of the Guamare and Guachichil subgroups, overran the area, migrating from an area of what is now San Luis Potosí. They remained through the Colonial period.[12][13] In 1530 Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán arrived with allied Tarasco Indians to the area, naming it Nuestra Señora.[12] Homesteads were granted by the governor of Nueva Galicia Francisco Vásquez de Coronado to Spaniards Rodrigo de Vázquez and Juan de Jasso.[13] Farming and cattle-raising was introduced here around 1546 by the Spaniards but these settlers were under constant threat by the Chichimecas, who recognized the Spanish as invaders. These settlers requested assistance from the viceregal authorities in Mexico City.[12][13] As a response, viceroy Martín Enríquez de Almanza ordered the founding of a city here, with the name of León in 1575. To carry out the order, Juan Bautista de Orozco founded the village of León on 20 January 1576, creating its first town council and laying out its initial streets. In 1580, it attained the rank of "alcadía mayor" meaning it has governing authority of much of the land and smaller towns surrounding it from the Sierra de Comanja to the Lerma River.[12][13] For example, two other towns founded in the area were San Miguel and Coecillo. In San Miguel, the Spaniards settled the Otomi peoples and in Coecillo were settled the Purépechas, Mexicas and the Chichimecas that did not oppose Spanish rule. As the population of the area grew, a number of municipalities would eventually break off, such as San Francisco del Rincón, Purísima del Rincón (Purísima Concepción), Cd. Manuel Doblado (San Pedro Piedra Gorda), Huanímaro, Abasolo, Cuerámaro and Pénjamo.[13] In 1582, the first hospital of San Cosme y San Damián was established by Father Espino.[13] The Jesuits arrived to León in 1731, founding the "Compañía Vieja" which is now the site of the Temple of the Immaculate. They also constructed the Temple of the New Company, which would become the Cathedral, however they never finished it as they were expelled from Mexico in 1767. On 2 July 1732 arrived an image of Our Most Holy Mother of Light. She would later be declared the patron saint of the city, in 1849.[13] The population of the area suffered epidemics in 1643, droughts in 1630 and 1712–1714, famines in 1714 and 1786, and flooding in 1637, 1749, 1762 and 1803.[13] Independence forces under José Rafael de Iriarte arrived to the town on 4 October 1810. However, two months later royalist forces under Felix Calleja retook the locality, with insurrectionist sympathizers facing reprisals.[12] About 2,000 insurgents on horses attacked the town but were repulsed by Count Pérez Gálvez.[13] Royalist forces were attacked here in 1817 by Francisco Javier Mina without success. The town remained in royalist hands until the end of the Mexican War of Independence, when Agustín de Iturbide arrived.[12] The town did not celebrate its first Grito de Dolores to mark independence until 1825. In 1827 it became one of the four "departments" of the newly created state of Guanajuato, and in 1830, it gained city status.[13] In 1840, Father Ignacio Aguado founded the College of San Francisco de Sales and the College of La Madre Santísima was founded in 1844.[13] During La Reforma War, the city changed hands various times between Liberal and Conservative forces between 1858 and 1860. The most notable battle of that war here was when General José Iniesta attacked the town on 18 February 1859. In that same year, León even separated for a time from the rest of the state of Guanajuato.[13] In 1862 the bishopric of León was founded, separating the city of León and nine other municipalities such as Irapuato, Guanajuato and Dolores Hidalgo from the bishopric of Michoacán. Bishop Diez de Sollano opened the Conciliar Seminary in 1864. This bishop consecrated the Basilica Cathedral in 1866, even though it was not completed, giving the image of the Virgin of the Light a permanent home.[13] From 1863 to 1866, the French occupied León during the French Intervention, with Emperor Maximillian visiting the city in 1864. His arrival was much celebrated here, with fireworks and a hot air balloon exhibition put on by the Alemán brothers. However, when Liberal forces finally had permanent control over the town, two incidents occurred. On 30 September 1867, Coronel Cecilio Delgado Estrada ordered his men to shoot over the heads of people who prayed in the streets, causing some to be wounded. Another incident of this type occurred in 1877. The second was more permanent. The Liberals decommissioned the convent and college of Saints Peter and Paul, converting it into offices for city government. It remains such to this day.[13] On 2 January 1946 a mob gathered in the plaza in front of the municipal palace to protest elections seen as illegitimate. These protesters were fired upon, killing many. This plaza has been named the "Plaza of the Martyrs" in their honor.[12] Notable sitesCathedralThe main church is called the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Light and is the seat of the Archdiocese of Leon. Construction of the church was begun in 1746 by the Jesuits and is a combination of Baroque and Neo Classic architectural styles. Construction was halted only eight months after it began when the Jesuit order was expelled from Mexico by the Spanish Crown. The Obregon family, however, took over its construction, continuing into the 19th century. The Archdiocese of Leon was created in 1864, with its first bishop, José María de Jesús Diez de Sollano y Dávalos helping to get the towers and cupola completed as he chose the church as the seat. It was finally completed and consecrated on 16 March 1866. Pope Benedict XVI officiated a mass here in 2012.[14][15] ExpiatorioIts full name is the Santuario Expiatorio del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús (Expiatory Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus). Construction of this shrine was begun in 1920 by Bernardo Chavez with the support of Bishop Emeterio Valverde y Téllez. It is neo-Gothic in design, based on the old European medieval cathedrals but much of the outside wallspace is without decoration. Its work was halted by the Cristero Wars. Since then construction has continued off and on and it is considered 90% complete. An important source of income for the shrine's construction is the sale of crypts. This practice was begun in 1924. A chapel dedicated to the Virgin of Lourdes was begun in 1935 and later a chapel dedicated to the Virgen of Guadalupe, which is separate from the main building, built between 1935 and 1939. A beautiful shrine with Stained glass windows include local allegories. Municipal PalaceThe current Municipal Palace is of Ionic architectural style and occupies part of the site of the old "Colegio Grande del Seminario de los Padres Paulinos" (Grand Seminary College for Pauline Priests) who had to abandon the city in 1860.[16] From 1861 to 1867 it was a military barracks. After the French Intervention, it was remodeled to conserve its original architecture by Coronel Octaviano Rosado to become the seat of government on 21 March 1869. The patio of the building contains a bronze statue of Benito Juarez to commemorate the centennial of his death in 1972. Since then, the building has had a number of additions such as the dome that now covers this patio, and a number of murals. These murals were painted in 1972 and 1973 by Jesus Gallardo covering the walls of the main stairwell and the hallway of the upper floor around the patio.[16] Portal of the MillenniumThis monument was built to celebrate the arrival of the new millennium and has become a landmark for arrival into the city. There was some concern that the monument would not be ready for New Year's 2000, however the 45-meter tall tower on five plinths was completed on time. It was built in a 5,400 square meter plaza, planted with trees. The project cost 4.5 million pesos.[17] Causeway Arch's Heroes (Arco de la Calzada de los Héroes)This arch (Arco de la Calzada de los Héroes, in Spanish), topped by a bronze lion, began construction in 1896 and has been modified a number of times since then. The first lion was added in 1943 by Francisco Lozornio Castillo made of bricks and mortar. This was replaced by the bronze one in 1958. The idea for a bronze lion was that of famous matador Antonio Velázquez, a native of Leon, whose bravery in the ring earned him the nickname of the "Heart of Leon" ("Corazón de León", in Spanish).[18] Not long before his death in 1959, he complained that the brick lion should be replaced with a better work of art, causing something of a commotion in the Leon community. This caught the attention of sculptor Humberto Peraza Ojeda who made the one that sits atop the arch today.[18] Forum Cultural GuanajuatoIt is a cultural complex, entertainment and artistic formation space that promotes the professionalization of regional artists, the formation of audiences, as well as cultural tourism. It has several spaces:
TransportationDel Bajío International AirportThe Del Bajío International Airport (Guanajuato International Airport) serves the city, although it is located in the neighboring city of Silao. CyclingThe city's bicycle paths are extensive. Leon is one of the most bicycle-friendly large cities in Latin America and has an extraordinary track record in active transport, keeping the biking and walking share above 39% of the total trips, one of the highest values in Latin American cities.[19] Integrated Transportation SystemIntegrated Transportation System (ITS) (Sistema Integrado de Transporte in Spanish) refers to the development and implementation of a Bus rapid transit system named “Optibus”. Since September 28, 2003 the Integrated Transport Optibús began to operate despite an existing need for a subway system "Metro", which originally was planned construction with two lines. The system was the first of its kind in Mexico. Leon being the first city in the country with a BRT system, before it was implemented in Mexico City as Metrobus and Guadalajara as Macrobus. Optibús System The current route system is divided into four categories. These are:
There are currently three permanent transfer stations (San Jeronimo, Delta de Jerez and San Juan Bosco), two micro-stations (Santa Rita - Parque Juarez), which are the endpoints for trunk routes, feeder routes and auxiliary routes. Passengers at these stations are allowed to transfer without cost from any of these lines. In addition, as a control measure, the “PagoBus” system has been instituted; this is an electronic card system that allows users to streamline their access to stations and bus and thus save money. There are 2 types of cards: Preferential and General, cost rates with 50 and 15% lower total cost. The environmental benefits of the system are also high, not least because the system introduced articulated buses using Euro IV technology and ultra low sulfur, resulting in 5,600 tons of CO2 reduction annually.[7] León Public Transportation StatisticsThe average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in León, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 78 min. 21% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 20 min, while 40% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5.1 km, while 2% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[20] Education and researchUniversities
Sports
FootballThe city's main professional Association football team is Club León, which is one of the foremost teams in Mexico, seven-time league champion, now playing in the Liga MX. The team's stadium, Estadio León, also bears a Catalan name: Nou Camp. FIFA World Cup games have been played there (1970 and 1986). A new franchise with the name of Curtidores appeared in the Primera División A in the mid-1990s, but, after being champion in 1999 and earning the right to play in the Primera División, was sold and moved to Puebla to become Puebla, F.C. In 2007 a new franchise named Union de Curtidores began playing at Segunda división. Nowadays, there are several football teams in the city playing in the Tercera División: Atlético ECCA, Juventud Cuerera and Conmudaj, among some others along with the women's league, Super Liga Femenil de Futbol. Rally Mexico (WRC)Since 2004 the city has hosted the headquarters of Rally Mexico located at the Centro de Convenciones Poliforum Leon, which is one round of the World Rally Championship. Thousands of fans camp at the nearby Sierra de Lobos and Sierra de Guanajuato mountains to watch the rally; the service park is also located and visited by fans at the Poliforum Leon. The Rally takes place in three cities: Guanajuato, Silao and León. BasketballSince 2004, León has a basketball team, Lechugueros, which plays in the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional (LNBP). They play in the Domo de la Feria (formerly known as Auditorio Municipal). Before this team, the city had other professional basketball teams: Lechugueros (original franchise), Zapateros, Pony-León and Atléticos. These teams participated in the CIMEBA (Circuito Mexicano de Básquetbol), which was the main basketball league of Mexico in the 1970s and 1980s. BaseballLeón had two baseball teams in the Liga Mexicana de Beisbol: Cachorros de León, in the late 1970s, and Bravos de León, in the late 80's. Bravos, after becoming champions of the league in 1990, and due to financial problems, were sold and moved to Minatitlán, Veracruz. After many years of unsuccessful attempts to bring back baseball to Leon it was announced on November 1, 2016 by the assembly of presidents of the Mexican League, the approval the entry of Leon, Guanajuato, subject to certain conditions. The Bravos De Leon will return to play in 2017. TennisLeón has been a host city for the yearly ATP Challenger Tour since 1992. GolfLeon hosts an annual event on the Web.com Tour. In 2015 the event was held from April 13–19. Notable natives and residents
International relationsSister cities
References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/biblioteca/ficha.aspx?upc=702825082192 |title=Panorama sociodemográfico de Guanajuato 2015 |publisher=INEGI |accessdate=2016-11-08}} 2. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Zonas_metropolitanas_2010 |title=Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2010 |publisher=Consejo Nacional de Población |accessdate=2016-11-08}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx |title=INEGI |publisher=INEGI |date= |accessdate=2015-12-16}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic_2015_presentacion.pdf |title=Encuesta Intercensal 2015: Presentación de resultados |page=15 |publisher=INEGI |accessdate=2016-11-08}} 5. ^{{cite web|author=Osiel Cruz|url=http://t21.com.mx/opinion/bitacora/2013/08/16/bajio-nuevo-milagro-mexicano |title=Bajío, el nuevo milagro mexicano |language=es|publisher=T21 |date= |accessdate=2018-06-21}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ocvleon.com/?mod=visitors |title=Leon Excitement City • Leon Guanajuato Mexico |publisher=Ocvleon.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-08}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.itdp.org/index.php/news/detail/sustainable_transport_award_cities_leon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611145131/http://www.itdp.org/index.php/news/detail/sustainable_transport_award_cities_leon/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-06-11 |title=Institute for Transportation and Development Policy : News : Sustainable Transport Award cities: León |publisher=ITDP |date=2011-01-18 |accessdate=2012-01-08 }} 8. ^[https://archive.is/20120702214905/http://www.sapal.gob.mx/comunicadosprensa/1357-reconocen-a-leon-como-una-de-las-urbes-con-mayores-avances-en-el-tratamiento-y-reuso-del-agua-residual-y-cogeneracion-de-energias-6o-foro-mundial-del-agua Reconocen a León como una de las urbes con mayores avances en el tratamiento y reuso del agua residual y cogeneración de energías: 6º. Foro Mundial del Agua] 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales8110/NORMAL11095.TXT |title=NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981-2010 |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico National |language=Spanish |accessdate=August 30, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709054423/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales8110/NORMAL11095.TXT |archivedate=July 9, 2012 |df= }} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00011/00011095.TXT |title=Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Leon 1947-2011 |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico National |language=Spanish |accessdate=January 21, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203457/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00011/00011095.TXT |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |df= }} 11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/fashion/retired-popes-endorsement-of-mexican-shoes-tops-all-others.html|title=Retired Pope’s Endorsement of Mexican Shoes Tops All Others|last=Cave|first=Damien|date=2013-05-29|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-04-19}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/guanajuato/index.html |title=Enciclopedia de los municipios Guanajuato Leon |language=Spanish |accessdate=2008-10-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202043032/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/guanajuato/index.html |archivedate=2008-12-02 |df= }} 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{cite web |url=http://www.ruelsa.com/gto/leon/leon4.htm |title= Leon Guanajuato Historia |language=Spanish |accessdate=2008-10-18 }} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.leonguanajuato.com/catedral/ |title=Catedral Basicilia |accessdate=2008-10-16 |language=Spanish }} 15. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/9167733/Pope-Benedict-XVI-visits-Mexico.html |title=Benedict XVI visits Leon, Mexico}} 16. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.leon.gob.mx/portal/modules/icontent/index.php?page=22 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20060518150216/http://www.leon.gob.mx/portal/modules/icontent/index.php?page=22 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2006-05-18 |title=Palacio Municipal |language= Spanish |accessdate=2008-10-17 }} 17. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.leon.gob.mx/portal/modules/icontent/index.php?page=30 |archive-url= https://archive.is/20060518150047/http://www.leon.gob.mx/portal/modules/icontent/index.php?page=30 |dead-url= yes |archive-date= 2006-05-18 |title= Puerta del Milenio |language=Spanish |accessdate=2008-10-17 }} 18. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.leon.gob.mx/portal/modules/icontent/index.php?page=26 |title= Una historia diferente |author= Rubén Rodríguez Molina |language= Spanish |accessdate= 2008-10-17 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081025184342/http://www.leon.gob.mx/portal/modules/icontent/index.php?page=26 |archivedate= 2008-10-25 |df= }} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.itdp.org/index.php/sustainable_transport_award |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105203921/http://itdp.org/index.php/sustainable_transport_award |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2009-01-05 |title=Institute for Transportation and Development Policy : Get Involved : Sustainable Transport Award |publisher=ITDP |date=2011-01-24 |accessdate=2012-01-08 }} 20. ^{{cite web|title=León Public Transportation Statistics|publisher= Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_M%C3%A9xico_Leon-3321|accessdate=June 19, 2017}} Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]. Bibliography{{See also|Timeline of León, Mexico#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of León, Mexico}}External links{{Commons category|León, Guanajuato}}{{wikivoyage|León (Mexico)}}
6 : León, Guanajuato|Cities in Mexico|Municipalities of Guanajuato|Populated places in Guanajuato|Populated places established in 1576|1576 establishments in Mexico |
||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。