| 词条 | Michael Pillsbury |
| 释义 |
}}{{Infobox person | name = Michael Pillsbury | image = Michael_Pillsbury_Official_Photo.jpeg | image_size = 100px | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|2|8|mf=y}} | birth_place = California, US | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = Consultant at US Department of Defense (2003–present) | party = Republican | nationality = | education = Stanford University (BA in History) Columbia University (PhD) }}Michael Pillsbury(白邦瑞) (born February 8, 1945) is the American Director of the Center on Chinese Strategy, Hudson Institute, Washington, D.C., from 2014. He is the author of three books on China. The most recent one, The Hundred-Year Marathon, is an international bestseller{{cn|date=November 2018}} and was number one on the Washington Post list,[1] and a selection of the Commander, U.S. Special Operations Command, Commanders Reading List, in 2017,{{cn|date=November 2018}} with Korean, Japanese, Taiwan-Chinese, PRC-Chinese, Hindi, and Mongolian editions also published.{{cn|date=November 2018}} On September 26, 2018 U.S. President Donald Trump described Michael Pillsbury as "the leading authority on China.”[2] On November 30, 2018 The New York Times, Politico and Bloomberg articles asserted Michael Pillsbury's importance of being one of Trump's top advisers on China.”[3],[4],[5] According to The New York Times, "Ubiquitous on Fox News in recent months, Mr. Pillsbury’s book “The Hundred-Year Marathon: China’s Secret Strategy to Replace America as the Global Superpower” has become a lodestar for those in the West Wing pushing for a more forceful response to the threat that China’s rise poses to the United States."[6] CareerDuring the Reagan administration, Pillsbury was the Assistant Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Planning and responsible for implementation of the program of covert aid known as the Reagan Doctrine. In 1975–76, while an analyst at the RAND Corporation, Pillsbury published articles in Foreign Policy and International Security recommending that the United States establish intelligence and military ties with China. The proposal, publicly commended by Ronald Reagan, Henry Kissinger, and James Schlesinger, later became US policy during the Carter and Reagan administrations. Pillsbury served on the staff of four US Senate Committees from 1978–1984 and 1986–1991. As a staff member, Pillsbury drafted the Senate Labor Committee version of the legislation that enacted the US Institute of Peace in 1984.[7] He also assisted in drafting the legislation to create the National Endowment for Democracy and the annual requirement for a DOD report on Chinese military power. In 1992, under President George H. W. Bush, Pillsbury was Special Assistant for Asian Affairs in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, reporting to Andrew W. Marshall, Director of Net Assessment. Pillsbury is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the International Institute for Strategic Studies. In 2015, a former CIA Director revealed that a book called The Hundred-Year Marathon "is based on work Michael Pillsbury did that landed him the CIA Director's Exceptional Performance Award." The official website has declassified documents and photos that illustrate the book. Pillsbury's scholarship has been questioned by Washington Monthly assistant editor Soyoung Ho, in his article "Panda Slugger, the dubious scholarship of Michael Pillsbury, the China hawk with Rumsfeld's ear", published in the July/August issue in 2006.[8] Pillsbury played a role in three Presidential actions: US–China military and intelligence tiesPillsbury participated in President Jimmy Carter's decision in 1979–80, as modified by President Reagan in 1981, to initiate military and intelligence ties with China.[9]{{page needed|date=November 2018}}[10]{{page needed|date=November 2018}} According to Raymond L. Garthoff, "Michael Pillsbury first floated the idea of arms sales and broad range of American military security relationships with China in a much-discussed article in Foreign Policy in the fall of 1975. Not known then was that Pillsbury had been conducting secret talks with Chinese officials … his reports were circulated to a dozen or so top officials of the NSC, Department of Defense and Department of State as secret documents."[11]{{rp|696}} According to the book US–China Cold War Collaboration, 1971–1989, "The man spearheading the effort was not a public official, and enjoyed deniability. Michael Pillsbury, a China analyst at the RAND Corporation… spent the summer of 1973 secretly meeting PLA officers stationed under diplomatic cover at China's UN mission… The DoD managed Pillsbury. Pillsbury filed a report, L-32, in March 1974… L-32 was a seminal paper on which subsequent US-PRC military cooperation blossomed."[12]{{rp|81}} James Mann wrote, "Outward appearances indicate that Pillsbury may have been working with American intelligence agencies from the very start of his relationship with General Zhang… In the fall of 1973, Pillsbury submitted a classified memo suggesting the novel idea that the United States might establish a military relationship with China… This was the genesis of the ideas of a 'China card,' the notion that the United States might use China to gain Cold War advantage over the Soviet Union. The idea would eventually come to dominate American thinking about the new relationship with China."[9]{{rp|58–59}} Stingers for Afghanistan decisionPillsbury participated in President Reagan's decision in 1986 to order the CIA to arm the Afghan resistance with Stinger missiles. According to the UN Undersecretary General who negotiated the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, "Initially, the Stinger campaign was spearheaded by Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Fred Ikle and his aggressive Coordinator for Afghan Affairs, Michael Pillsbury… The Stinger proponents won their victory in the face of overwhelming bureaucratic resistance that persisted until the very end of the struggle."[13]{{rp|195}} Mann wrote, "For Michael Pillsbury, the covert operations in Afghanistan represented the fulfillment of the decade-old dream of American military cooperation with China… To help him win the argument, Pillsbury made use of his China connections."[9]{{rp|137–139}} George Crile stated in Charlie Wilson's War that, "Ironically, neither [Gust] Avrakotos nor [Charlie] Wilson was directly involved in the decision and claims any credit."[14]{{rp|419}}[15]{{page needed|date=November 2018}}[16][17]{{page needed|date=November 2018}}[18]{{page needed|date=November 2018}}[19]{{page needed|date=November 2018}}[20] Harvard University's JFK School of Government published what it called the first case study of how covert action policy is made and describes the role of Michael Pillsbury.[19]{{rp|24}} According to Charlie Wilson's War, "The moving force in this group was an engaging, well-born conservative intellectual named Mike Pillsbury, then serving as the Pentagon's deputy undersecretary in charge of overseeing covert programs. Pillsbury, a former Senate staffer and China expert, had been an early believer in the program…"[14]{{rp|415–416}} According to Philip Heymann in his 2008 book Living the Policy Process, "A policy player such as Michael Pillsbury may have absorbed many of the critical rules of the game of shared policy choice without even thinking of them as rules."[15]{{page needed|date=November 2018}} Heymann wrote that "providing Stinger missiles was obviously of such importance or political prominence that the President would want to decide. This decision is obviously of that character for several reasons. If approved, we may be furnishing a terrifying weapon to a present or future enemy. There is a small chance that we will encourage dangerous forms of retaliation by the Soviet Union. Even the shift from a "plausibly deniable" covert action to the open support of a guerrilla force fighting the Soviet Union would raise issues in Congress that the President would want to consider in light of his staff's advice."[15]{{page needed|date=November 2018}} Pillsbury worked through the secret Planning and Coordination Group. Heymann wrote, "This committee was secret, and public details about it are sketchy… The covert action committee met every three to four weeks. Its existence was not officially acknowledged, although such a committee had operated in every administration since Eisenhower. In the Kennedy administration, for example, it was known as the Forty Committee. Any information on covert actions was protected under a compartmentalized security system given the name VEIL."[15]{{page needed|date=November 2018}} According to Steve Coll, in 1985–1986 Osama Bin Laden also wanted US weapons including the Stinger missiles. Coll wrote, "Michael Pillsbury flies to the Afghan frontier to review training facilities used by two Afghan warlords, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Abdul Rasul Sayyaf… Bin Laden family head Salem bin Laden asks the Pentagon to supply anti-aircraft missiles to Arab volunteers fighting in the Soviet-Afghan War. The request is made on behalf of Salem's brother Osama [Bin Laden], who is establishing a semi-autonomous group of Arab volunteers outside the direct control of local Afghan commanders and will set up a camp just for Arabs later this year… Later research will indicate that there is no formal decision by the Reagan administration not to supply the missiles or other equipment to the Arab volunteers. Pentagon official Michael Pillsbury will later say he was not aware of any such decision, but if such a decision had been taken, he would have been aware of it."[17]{{rp|287}} Studies of China and the Pentagon's annual reportIn 1997–2007, Pillsbury published research reports and two books on China's view of future warfare. According to the Wall Street Journal in 2005, Pillsbury's findings were added to the reports the Secretary of Defense sent to Congress on Chinese military power in 2002–2005.[21][22] In 2003, Pillsbury signed a nonpartisan report of the Council on Foreign Relations task force on Chinese military power. The task force found that China is pursuing a deliberate course of military modernization, but is at least two decades behind the United States in terms of military technology and capability. The task force report stated it was a "nonpartisan approach to measuring the development of Chinese military power."[23]{{page needed|date=November 2018}} He has discussed the threat the people's republic of China poses to the United States of America with Tucker Carlson.[24] VOA commentatorSince May 2014, Pillsbury has been a frequent guest on Voice of America Chinese providing opinions and participating in discussion in Mandarin Chinese typically on defense-related issues. Government positions
Affiliations
Published worksBooksAuthor of two books on China, available at National Defense University Press:
Reports and articlesUS China Commission Congressional Reports
House and Senate testimonies
Journal articles
RAND Corporation reportsSome of these are available online:[28]
References1. ^February 15, 2015.{{full|date=November 2018}} 2. ^{{cite news|first=David|last=Tweed|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-27/trump-identifies-the-leading-authority-on-china-who-is-he|title=This Is the Man Trump Described as ‘The Leading Authority on China’|work=Bloomberg|date=September 27, 2018|page=A1|accessdate=September 27, 2018}} 3. ^{{cite news|first=Lexey|last=Swall|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/30/us/politics/trump-china-trade-xi-michael-pillsbury.html|title=A China Hawk Gains Prominence as Trump Confronts Xi on Trade’|work=The New York Times|date=November 30, 2018|page=A1|accessdate=November 30, 2018}} 4. ^{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Mayeda|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-28/there-s-no-cold-war-with-china-says-trump-s-hawkish-adviser|title=There's No Cold War With China, Says Trump's Hawkish Adviser’|work=Bloomberg|date=November 28, 2018|page=A1|accessdate=November 28, 2018}} 5. ^{{cite news|first=Ben|last=SCHRECKINGER |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/11/30/trump-china-xi-jinping-g20-michael-pillsbury-1034610|title=The China hawk who captured Trump's 'very, very large brain'’|work=POLITICO|date=November 30, 2018|page=A1|accessdate=November 30, 2018}} 6. ^{{cite news|first=Lexey|last=Swall|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/30/us/politics/trump-china-trade-xi-michael-pillsbury.html|title=A China Hawk Gains Prominence as Trump Confronts Xi on Trade’|work=The New York Times|date=November 30, 2018|accessdate=November 30, 2018}} 7. ^{{cite journal|first=Mary E.|last=Montgomery|title=Working for Peace While Preparing for War: The Creation of the United States Institute of Peace|journal=Journal of Peace Research|volume=40|issue=4|year=2003|pages=479–496|doi=10.1177/00223433030404007}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Ho |first1=Soyoung |title=Panda Slugger, the dubious scholarship of Michael Pillsbury, the China hawk with Rumsfeld's ear. |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0607.ho1.html |work=Washington Monthly |accessdate=3 February 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214060701/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0607.ho1.html |archivedate=14 February 2015 |df= }} 9. ^1 2 {{cite book|first=James|last=Mann|title=About Face: A History of America's Curious Relationship with China, from Nixon to Clinton|publisher=Knopf|year=1998|isbn=978-0-679-76861-6|authorlink=James Mann (writer)}} 10. ^{{cite book|first=Banning|last=Garrett|title=The China Card and its Origins|publisher=Brandeis University doctoral dissertation}}{{page needed|date=November 2018}} 11. ^{{cite book|first=Raymond L.|last=Garthoff|title=Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan|publisher=Brookings Institution|year=1983|isbn=978-0-8157-3044-6|authorlink=Raymond L. Garthoff}} 12. ^{{cite book|first=Mahmud|last=Ali|title=US-China Cold War Collaboration, 1971–1989|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-35819-4}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Cordovez|first=Diego|title=Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-19-506294-6}} 14. ^1 {{cite book|last=Crile|first=George|title=Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-87113-854-5|authorlink=George Crile III}} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|first=Philip|last=Heymann|title=Living the Policy Process|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-533539-2|authorlink=Philip Heymann}} 16. ^{{cite book|first1=Milt|last1=Bearden|first2=James|last2=Risen|title=The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA's Final Showdown with the KGB|publisher=Ballantine|year=2004|isbn=978-0-345-47250-2|pages=211–212}} 17. ^1 {{cite book|first=Steve|last=Coll|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and bin Laden|publisher=Penguin|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59420-007-6|authorlink=Steve Coll}} 18. ^{{cite book|first=Steve|last=Coll|title=The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century|year=2009|publisher= Penguin|isbn=978-1-59420-164-6|authorlink=Steve Coll}} 19. ^1 {{cite report|first=Kirsten|last=Lundberg|title=Politics of a Covert Action: The US, the Mujahideen, and the Stinger Missile|publisher=Kennedy School of Government Case Program. C15-99-1546.0|year=1999|url=}} 20. ^{{cite web|author1=Sullivan, Tim |author2=Singer, Matt |author3=Rawson, Jessica |title=What Were Policymakers' and Intelligence Services' Respective Roles in the Decision to Deploy Stinger Missiles to the Anticommunist Afghan Mujahedin During the Rebels' Struggle with the Soviet Union? |url=http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/nscs/capitalscholar/Fall2006/Soviet%20Union%20and%20Stinger%20Missiles.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218145219/http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/nscs/capitalscholar/Fall2006/Soviet%20Union%20and%20Stinger%20Missiles.htm |archivedate=2010-12-18 |df= }} 21. ^{{cite news|first=Neil|last=King|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB112613947626134749|format=Fee required|title=Secret Weapon: Inside Pentagon, A Scholar Shapes Views of China|work=Wall Street Journal|date=September 8, 2005|page=A1|accessdate=June 23, 2009}} 22. ^{{cite news|title=The Pillsbury Factor|work=The Oriental Economist|date=August 2002}} 23. ^{{cite book|last=Segal|first=Adam|title=Chinese Military Power Independent Task Force Report|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|year=2003|isbn=978-0-87609-330-6}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hudson.org/research/14318-the-china-threat|title=The China Threat|first=Michael|last=Pillsbury|website=Hudson.org|accessdate=7 November 2018}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/|title=Wilson Center|website=Wilson Center|accessdate=7 November 2018}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.opensecrets.org/donor-lookup/results?name=Michael+Pillsbury&page=2|title=Donor Lookup|website=Opensecrets.org|accessdate=7 November 2018}} 27. ^French American Cultural Center{{full|date=November 2018}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/p/pillsbury_michael.html|title=Michael Pillsbury|website=Rand.org|accessdate=7 November 2018}} Further reading
Video interviews
External links
16 : American sinologists|Employees of the United States Senate|American anti-communists|American political scientists|Columbia University alumni|Stanford University alumni|People of the Soviet–Afghan War|Writers about China|American foreign policy writers|American male non-fiction writers|United States Department of Defense officials|Reagan administration personnel|1945 births|Living people|Cosmos Club members|Hudson Institute |
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