| 词条 | Michael T. Wright |
| 释义 |
| image = Antikythera-proposed-4.svg | caption = Gearing layout proposed by Michael Wright for planetary indication on the Antikythera mechanism. | name = Michael T. Wright | birth_date = 1948 (age 68–69) | birth_place = London, England | residence = England | nationality = British | field = Mechanical engineering, history of science | work_institution = Science Museum, London Imperial College, London | alma_mater = University of Oxford University of London | website = {{URL|http://www.mtwright.co.uk/}} }} Michael T. Wright FSA (born in 1948, London, England) was formerly curator of mechanical engineering at the Science Museum and later at Imperial College in London, England.[1] He is known by his analysis of the original fragments of the Antikythera mechanism and by the reconstruction of this Ancient Greek brass mechanism. OverviewMichael Wright studied physics at the University of Oxford and history of technology at the University of London. He was a schoolmaster until 1971 when he joined the Science Museum in London, working there until 2004. For most of his career, Wright was the curator of mechanical engineering at the Science Museum. He then became an honorary research associate at the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine at Imperial College London. He is also a fellow at the Society of Antiquaries of London. Antikythera mechanismMichael Wright made a study of the original fragments of the Antikythera mechanism, an Ancient Greek brass mechanism, together with Allan George Bromley. They used a technique called linear X-ray tomography which was suggested by retired consultant radiologist, Alan Partridge. For this, Wright designed and made an apparatus for linear tomography, allowing the generation of sectional 2D radiographicimages.[2] Early results of this survey were presented in 1997, which showed that Price's reconstruction was fundamentally flawed.[3] Further study of the new imagery allowed Wright to advance a number of proposals. Firstly he developed the idea, suggested by Price in "Gears from the Greeks", that the mechanism could have served as a planetarium. Wright's planetarium not only modelled the motion of the Sun and Moon, but also the Inferior Planets (Mercury and Venus), and the Superior Planets (Mars, Jupiter and Saturn).[4][5] Wright proposed that the Sun and Moon could have moved in accordance with the theories of Hipparchus and the five known planets moved according to the simple epicyclic theory suggested by the theorem of Apollonius. In order to prove that this was possible using the level of technology apparent in the mechanism, Wright produced a working model of such a planetarium.[6][7] Wright also increased upon Price's gear count of 27 to 31[5] including 1 in Fragment C that was eventually identified as part of a Moon phase display.[8] He suggested that this is a mechanism that shows the phase of the Moon by means of a rotating semi-silvered ball, realized by the differential rotation of the sidereal cycle of the Moon and the Sun's yearly cycle. This precedes previously known mechanisms of this sort by a millennium and a half. More accurate tooth counts were also obtained,[9] allowing a new gearing scheme to be advanced.[10] This more accurate information allowed Wright to confirm Price's perceptive suggestion that the upper back dial displays the Metonic cycle with 235 lunar months divisions over a five-turn scale. In addition to this Wright proposed the remarkable idea that the main back dials are in the form of spirals, with the upper back dial out as a five-turn spiral containing 47 divisions in each turn. It therefore presented a visual display of the 235 months of the Metonic cycle (19 years ≈ 235 Synodic Months). Wright also observed that fragmentary inscriptions suggested that the pointer on the subsidiary dial showed a count of four cycles of the 19-year period, equal to the 76-year Callippic cycle.[11] Based on more tentative observations, Wright also came to the conclusion that the lower back dial counted Draconic Months and could perhaps have been used for eclipse prediction.[12] All these findings have been incorporated into Wright's working model,[11] demonstrating that a single mechanism with all these functions could be built, and would work. Despite the improved imagery provided by the linear tomography, Wright could not reconcile all the known gears into a single coherent mechanism, and this led him to advance the theory that the mechanism had been altered, with some astronomical functions removed and others added.[11] Finally, as an outcome of his research,[2][11][13][14][15][16][17] Wright also conclusively demonstrated that Price's suggestion of the existence of a differential gearing arrangement was incorrect.[8][11] In 2006, Wright completed what he believed to be an almost exact replica of the mechanism.[18] With that came a paper dated 2007 entitled "The Antikythera mechanism reconsidered",[19] recapitulating most of the points made above. In a footnote to that paper dated 29 November 2006, Wright acknowledges details explained by the Antikythera Mechanism Research Program since his publication:
Michael Wright's research on the mechanism has continued in parallel with the efforts of the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project (AMRP). On 6 March 2007, he presented his model in the National Hellenic Research Foundation in Athens, Greece.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} See also
References1. ^{{cite web| url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/historyofscience/chostmpeople/wright | title=Mr Michael Wright M.A., M.Sc., Cert. Ed., D.I.C., F.S.A. | publisher=Imperial College, London |accessdate=12 February 2013 }} 2. ^1 {{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.|author2=Bromley, A. G. |author3=Magkou, E | year = 1995| title = Simple X-ray Tomography and the Antikythera Mechanism| journal = PACT| volume = 45| pages = 531–543 }} 3. ^{{cite conference| author = Wright, M T.|author2=Bromley, A. G.| title = Current Work on the Antikythera Mechanism| booktitle = Proc. Conf. Αρχαία Ελληνική Τεχνολογία (Ancient Greek Technology)| location = Thessaloniki|date=4–7 September 1997| pages = 19–25 }} 4. ^{{cite conference| author = Wright, M T.|author2=Bromley, A. G.| title =Towards a New Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism| booktitle = Proc. Conf. Extraordinary Machines and Structures in Antiquity| location = Ancient Olympiai|date=August 2001| pages = 81–94 }} ed. S.A. Paipetis, Peri Technon, Patras 2003. 5. ^1 {{cite conference| author = Wright, M T.| title =In the Steps of the Master Mechanic| booktitle = Proc. Conf. Η Αρχαία Ελλάδα και ο Σύγχρονος Κόσμος (Ancient Greece and the Modern World)| location = Ancient Olympiai|date=July 2002| pages = 86–97 }} University of Patras 2003. 6. ^{{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.| year = 2002| title = A Planetarium Display for the Antikythera Mechanism (a)| journal = Horological Journal| volume = 144| issue = 5 (May 2002)| pages = 169–173 }} 7. ^{{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.| year = 2002| title = A Planetarium Display for the Antikythera Mechanism (b)| journal = Horological Journal| volume = 144| issue = 6 (June 2002)| page = 193 }} 8. ^1 {{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.| year = 2005| title = The Antikythera Mechanism and the early history of the Moon Phase Display| journal = Antiquarian Horology| volume = 29| issue = 3 (March 2006)| pages = 319–329 }} 9. ^{{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.| year = 2004| title = The Scholar, the Mechanic and the Antikythera Mechanism| journal = Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society| volume = 80 (March 2004)| pages = 4–11 }} 10. ^{{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.| year = 2005| title = The Antikythera Mechanism: a New Gearing Scheme| journal = Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society| volume = 85 (June 2005)| pages = 2–7 }} 11. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.| year = 2005| title = Counting Months and Years: the Upper Back Dial of the Antikythera Mechanism| journal = Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society| volume = 87 (December 2005)| issue = 1 (September 2005)| pages = 8–13 }} 12. ^{{cite conference| author = Wright, M T.| title = Understanding the Antikythera Mechanism| booktitle = Proc. Conf. Αρχαία Ελληνική Τεχνολογία (Ancient Greek Technology)| location = Athensi|date=October 2005}} in preparation ( ) 13. ^{{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.| year = 2005| title = Epicyclic Gearing and the Antikythera Mechanism, part 2| journal = Antiquarian Horology| volume = 29| issue = 1 (September 2005)| pages = 54–60 }} 14. ^Wright, M T., "Il meccanismo di Anticitera: l'antica tradizione dei meccanismi ad ingranaggio" (The Antikythera Mechanism: evidence for an ancient tradition of the making of geared instruments), in: E. Lo Sardo (ed.), Eureka! Il genio degli antichi, Naples, July 2005 – January 2006, Electa Napoli 2005, pp. 241 – 244. 15. ^{{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.| year = 2004| title = Il meccanismo di Anticitera: l'antica tradizione dei meccanismi ad ingranaggio (The Antikythera Mechanism: evidence for an ancient tradition of the making of geared instruments)| journal = Αρχαιολογία & Τέχνες| volume = 95 (June 2005)| pages = 54–60 }} 16. ^{{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.| year = 2005| title = Ο Μηχανισμός των Αντικυθήρων (The Antikythera Mechanism)| journal = Αρχαιολογία & Τέχνες| volume = 95 (June 2005)| pages = 54–60 }} 17. ^{{Cite journal| author = Wright, M T.| year = 2003| title = Epicyclic Gearing and the Antikythera Mechanism, part 1| journal = Antiquarian Horology| volume = 27 (March 2003)| issue = 3| pages = 270–279 }} 18. ^Ancient Greek calculating device continues to reveal secrets Physorg.com, 4 April 2011 by Bob Yirka 19. ^{{cite report|title=The Antikythera mechanism reconsidered| DOI=10.1179/030801807X163670| year=2007| journal=Interdisciplinary Science Reviews| volume=32| number=1| pages=21–43| url=http://fsoso.free.fr/antikythera/DOCS/TheAntikytheraMechanismReconsidered.pdf| accessdate=18 May 2014}} 20. ^{{cite paper|first=T.| last=Freeth| title=Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism| journal=Nature| year=2006| issue=444| pages=587–591|display-authors=etal}} External links
9 : 1948 births|Living people|Alumni of the University of Oxford|Alumni of the University of London|English mechanical engineers|Historians of science|People associated with the Science Museum, London|Academics of Imperial College London|Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London |
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