| 词条 | Microgastrinae | ||
| 释义 |
| image =Cotesia.melanoscela.-.lindsey.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Cotesia melanoscela | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Hymenoptera | familia = Braconidae | subfamilia = Microgastrinae }}Microgastrinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps,[1] encompassing 2,000 described species, with an estimated 5,000-10,000 total species.[2][3] This makes it one of the most species rich subfamilies of parasitoid wasps.[4] GeneraGenera within this subfamily include:[5] {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
Description and distributionThese wasps are small, with 18 segmented antennae. Most species are black or brown, a few are more colorful. Many species are morphologically similar enough to be considered cryptic species.[7] Species within this subfamily have a worldwide distribution. 135 species of Microgastrinae have been confirmed from Canada,[8][9] though the number may be as high as 275.[10] At least 28 species have been identified from Turkey in Gökçeada and Bozcaada.[11] BiologyMicrogastrinae are koinobiont, primary endoparasitoids of larval Lepidoptera. While most species are solitary, many are gregarious, meaning multiple wasp eggs develop within the same caterpillar. When the eggs hatch the wasp larvae feed on the hemolymph and organs of their host. Once fully developed, the larvae exit the dying caterpillar and immediately spin silken cocoons where they pupate. Microgastrinae is one of six subfamilies of Braconidae which carry polydnaviruses.[12] More than 100 species of Microgastrinae have been used in biological control programs.[13] Coevolution with polydnavirusesMicrogastrinae need the virus to be able to reproduce. How it is exactly done is by injecting eggs with the proviral genome plus virions into the host's cavity. The virions then infect and discharge their DNA into the host's cells, stopping it from killing the wasp's offspring and instead promoting its growth inside the host's body.[14] External Links & Media{{Commonscat-inline}}{{Wikispecies-inline}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/65207|title=UniProt Consortium Taxonomy Browser|accessdate=2008-12-14}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q521739}}{{Ichneumonoidea-stub}}2. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.4039/entm113115fv |title=The Polyphyletic Nature Of Apanteles foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A Phylogeny and Reclassification of Microgastrinae |year=1981 |last1=Mason |first1=W. R. M. |journal=Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada |volume=113 |issue=115 |pages=1}} 3. ^{{cite journal |last=Whitfield |first=James B. |year=1995 |title=Annotated Checklist of the Microgastrinae of North America North of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=245–62 |jstor=25085593}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last=Fernandez|first=Jose L.|date=Fall 2007|title=An overview and update of the Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) holdings in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa|journal=Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)|publisher=Jose L. Fernandez Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada|volume=26|issue=2|url=http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/news26_2/microgastrinae.htm}} 5. ^Encyclopedia of life 6. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3616.6.1 |title=Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Reunion Island: A catalogue of the local species, including 18 new taxa and a key to species |year=2013 |last1=Rousse |first1=Pascal |last2=Gupta |first2=Ankita |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3616 |issue=6}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Alex|display-authors=etal|date=2013|title=DNA barcoding and the taxonomy of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae): impacts after 8 years and nearly 20 000 sequences|url=|journal=Molecular Ecology Resources|volume=13 |issue=2|pages=|via=}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first=P.|title=Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington|pages=144–313}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=World Ichneumonoidea 2004. Taxonomy, Biology, Morphology and Distribution|last=Yu|first=D. |author2=van Achterberg, K. |author3=Horstmann, K|year=2005|work=CD/DVD|publisher=Taxapad, Vancouver}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/english/faunalanalysis.htm |title=Canada’s Insect Fauna. Hymenoptera, Braconidae |year=2007 |publisher=Biological Survey of Canada |accessdate=2008-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629044639/http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/english/faunalanalysis.htm |archivedate=2008-06-29 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 11. ^{{cite journal |first1=Filiz |last1=İnanç |first2=Ahmet |last2=Beyarslan |year=2000 |title=A Study on Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Species in Gökçeada and Bozcaada |journal=Turkish Journal of Zoology |url=http://mistug.tubitak.gov.tr/bdyim/abs.php?dergi=zoo&rak=0001-14 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=287–96 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Nicholas|last2=Banks|first2=Jonathan C.|last3=Whitfield|first3=James B.|last4=Austin|first4=Andrew D.|date=2008-04-01|title=Phylogeny of the parasitic microgastroid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on sequence data from seven genes, with an improved time estimate of the origin of the lineage|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790308000444|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|issue=1|pages=378–395|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.022}} 13. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.sharkeylab.org/sharkeylab/docs/posts/web/Manual%20of%20the%20New%20World%20Genera%20of%20Braconidae.pdf|title=The Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera)|last=Wharton|first=Robert A.|last2=Marsh|first2=Paul M.|last3=Sharkey|first3=Michael J.|publisher=The International Society of Hymenopterists|year=1997|isbn=|location=Washington DC|pages=333–335}} 14. ^{{cite journal |last1=Whitfield |first1=James B. |title=Systematics, Biology, and Evolution of Microgastrine Parasitoid Wasps |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=October 20, 2017 |page=397|accessdate=11/8/18}} 2 : Apocrita subfamilies|Microgastrinae |
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