| 词条 | Lightship Nantucket |
| 释义 |
The Lightship Nantucket or Nantucket Shoals was the name given to the lightvessel that marked the hazardous Nantucket Shoals south of Nantucket Island. Several ships have been commissioned and served at the Nantucket Shoals lightship station and have been called Nantucket. It was common for a lightship to be reassigned and then renamed for its new station. The Nantucket station was a significant US lightship station for transatlantic voyages. Established in 1854, the station marked the limits of the dangerous Nantucket Shoals. She was the last lightship seen by vessels departing the United States, as well as the first beacon seen on approach. The position was {{convert|40|mi}}{{clarify |reason=Which miles? |date=October 2012}} southeast of Nantucket Island, the farthest lightship in North America, and experienced clockwise rotary tidal currents.[1] HistoryLightships and their crews were exposed to many dangers. In addition to the obvious hazards posed by the weather and sea conditions, vessels marking shipping lanes on occasion were struck by the very traffic they existed to protect. Ships would home on their radio beacons at night and in fog, but were expected to post lookouts and to turn away in time. Lightship 11Lightship 11 was built in 1853 by Tardy & Auld of Baltimore, Maryland for $13,462.00. Lightship 11 was built of white oak and equipped with two lanterns and a hand operated {{convert|1050|lb|kg|adj=on}} bell fog signal. Each of the lanterns contained eight constant-level oil lamps. Lightship 11 was blown ashore in 1855 and rebuilt at the New York Navy Yard for further service at Brenton Reef, Rhode Island. Lightship 1Lightship 1 was built in 1855 at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard for $48,000.00. Lightship 1 was built of white oak and live oak and equipped with two lanterns and a hand operated bell fog signal. Each of the lanterns contained eight oil lamps with reflectors. Lightship 1 was rebuilt in 1860 and the main anchor was replaced with a mushroom in 1881 and then a stockless mushroom anchor in 1886. Lightship 1 was transferred to Martins Industry, South Carolina in 1892. Lightship 54Lightship 54 was built in 1892 at West Bay City, Michigan for $53,325.00. Lightship 54 was built of iron and equipped with two lanterns, a 12-inch steam chime whistle, and a hand operated {{convert|1000|lb|adj=on}} bell fog signal. Each of the lanterns contained eight oil lamps with reflectors. Twenty-five tons{{vague|which tons? should be long, but who knows who's had their fingers on this number|date=January 2010}} of pig iron ballast were added in 1893; and Lightship 54 was transferred to Boston, Massachusetts in 1894. Lightship 58{{main|United States lightship LV-58}}Lightship 58 was built in 1894 by Craig Shipbuilding of Toledo, Ohio for $50,870.00. Lightship 58 was built of an iron-plated steel frame and equipped with two lanterns, a 12-inch steam chime whistle, and a hand operated bell fog signal. Each of the lanterns contained eight oil lamps with reflectors. Lightship 58 was transferred to Fire Island, New York in 1896. Lightship 66Lightship 66 was built in 1896 by Bath Iron Works of Bath, Maine for $69,282.00. The vessel was built on a wood-sheathed steel frame and equipped with a 12-inch steam chime whistle, and a cluster of four electric lens lanterns mounted in galleries at each mast head. She carried a Baird evaporator and distilling apparatus. Breaking adrift required replacement of seven mushroom anchors and {{convert|565|fathom|m}} of chain between 1896 and 1900. Experimental wireless telegraph equipment was installed in 1901 [2] and the vessel became the first United States lightship with permanent radio equipment in 1904. Lightship 66 was placed in relief service following replacement by Lightship 85 in 1907. Lightship 85Lightship 85, a wooden lightship, was built in 1907 at Camden, New Jersey for $99,000.00. Lightship 85 was transferred to the U.S. Navy by Executive Order on 11 April 1917, along with the entire Lighthouse Service. While in the Navy during World War I she continued her former peacetime routine warning shipping away from Nantucket Shoals and also aided in guarding nearby waters against German U-boats. Sailors from the Lightship aided in the rescue of people after the Boston Molasses Disaster, partly because it was docked nearby. After peace was restored in 1919, Lightship 85 was returned to the U.S. Commerce Department. Lightship 85 was placed in relief service following replacement by Lightship 106 in 1923. Lightship 106Lightship 106 was built in 1923 by Bath Iron Works of Bath, Maine for $200,000.00. Lightship 106 was built on a steel hull and equipped with a 12-inch steam chime whistle, a hand operated bell, a submarine bell,{{clarify |reason=Define submarine bell; |date=October 2012}} a submarine oscillator,{{clarify |reason=Define submarine oscillator; |date=October 2012}} a radio beacon, and a {{convert|375|mm|in|abbr=on}} electric lens lantern at each mast head. Lightship 106 was placed in relief service following replacement by Lightship 117 in 1931, returned to Nantucket when Lightship 117 was sunk in 1934, and returned to relief service when replaced by Lightship 112 in 1936. Lightship 117{{main|United States lightship LV-117}}Lightship 117 at Nantucket was sideswiped by the {{SS|Washington}} in early 1934, and four months later, on 15 May 1934, she was rammed and sunk by the British White Star ship {{RMS|Olympic}} homing in on its radio beacon in dense fog.[3] Four men went down with the ship and seven survivors were picked up by Olympic. Three survivors later died of injuries sustained from the collision. The sunken wreck now lies hidden in {{convert|200|ft|m|-1}} of water {{convert|50|mi}}{{vague|which miles? should be nautical, but... |date=January 2010}} south of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. Lightship 112{{main|Nantucket Lightship LV112}}In 1936, Pusey & Jones of Wilmington, Delaware built Lightship 112, the largest lightship ever, for $300,956.00. This ship was paid for by the British government as reparation for the deadly collision between Olympic and Lightship 117.[4] During World War II, Lightship 112 was withdrawn from the Nantucket Shoals station and used as an examination vessel in Portland, Maine. On 5 January 1959, she was blown {{convert|80|mi}}{{vague|which miles|date=January 2010}} off-station in hurricane-force winds accompanied by fifty-foot seas. This event effectively put her out of communication for several days due to water-damaged electronics. Lightship 112 outlasted all other lightships assigned to that station, having marked it for 39 years. On 10 May 2010, Lightship LV-112, the largest lightship ever built in the US, returned to Boston for renovation and preservation.[5] Lightship 612{{Main|United States Lightship Nantucket (WLV-612)}}Built in 1950 at Curtis Bay, Maryland by the United States Coast Guard Yard for $500,000, Lightship 612 was the last ship to serve a full tour of duty on the Nantucket Shoals station and was also the last US lightship in commission. In 1975 Lightship Ambrose, the Nantucket's sister ship, was renamed Lightship Nantucket II and the two ships spelled one another, relieving each other approximately every 21 days. At 2:30 a.m. on 20 December 1983 the Lightship 613 relieved Lightship 612 until 8:00 a.m. when she was relieved by a Large Navigational Buoy, making Lightship 613 the last Lightship on station in the US and on Nantucket Station. In December 1983 the Lightship 613 was sold to the New England Historic Seaport to become a museum ship in Boston and Lightship 612 was reassigned to cutter duty. Finally, after being decommissioned on 29 March 1985 and ending the 165 year era of United States Lightship service, Lightship 612 was sold to the Boston Educational Marine Exchange and shortly thereafter was taken over by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In March 2000, she was purchased by William and Kristen Golden, restored as the only fully operational Lightship in the United States and converted to a luxury yacht that was berthed at Rowes Wharf in Boston. In the summer of 2007 she was available for charter in Nantucket harbor and Newport. The Nantucket Lightship WLV612 was chartered for one year by the 5 star Delamar Hotel in Greenwich Connecticut in 2008, served as the mothership for the New York Yacht Club summer cruise and was chartered from November 2008 through 31 May 2009 at The North Cove Marina at the World Financial Center in Manhattan, New York. During the summers of 2009 and 2010, Lightship WLV612 was docked in Martha's Vineyard on Charter in Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Newport and Long Island Sound, returning in the fall of 2010 for charters Newport. On 26 August 2009, after the death of Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy, the lightship honored him by illuminating his schooner at the Kennedy Compound.[6] Lightship 613{{Main|United States Lightship WLV-613}}Built at the United States Coast Guard Yard in Curtis Bay, Baltimore, Maryland in 1952. It was the last lightship ever built and launched in the United States, and the last lightship commissioned in service. Commissioned in September 1952 as the WAL-613 with a conventional mast, it was refit in 1953 with a "large cylindrical lantern housing installed on tripod foremast with a duplex revolving high intensity light of British design... rated at 5.5 million candlepower."[7] On December 20, 1983, the WLV-613 relieved WLV-612 at 2:30 AM, remaining on the Nantucket station until approximately 8 AM when the WLV-613 was replaced at the Nantucket Shoals station with a Large Navigation Buoy.[8] Likewise, with its last five-and-a-half hours of service, the WLV-613 was the last lightship on Nantucket Shoals and the last lightship in service in the United States. Name and station assignmentsLightship 85:
Lightship 117:
Lightship 112:
References1. ^{{cite journal|last=Le Lacheur|first=Embert A.|title=Tidal currents in the open sea: Subsurface tidal currents at Nantucket Shoals Light Vessel|journal=Geographical Review|volume=14|issue=2|pages=282–286|date=April 1924|jstor=208104|doi=10.2307/208104}}{{subscription required |date=October 2012}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tfcbooks.com/teslafaq/q&a_036.htm |title= Francis J. Higginson correspondence |publisher=21st Century Books |date=11 May 1899 |accessdate= 14 February 2014}}" 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/09-04/09-03-04/a01lo270.htm |title=Title unknown |publisher= |accessdate=2012-10-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010044451/http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/09-04/09-03-04/a01lo270.htm |archivedate=2004-10-10 |df= }}{{failed verification |date=October 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.palletmastersworkshop.com/lightship.html|title=History of U.S. Lightships|publisher=palletmastersworkshop.com|accessdate=2012-10-04}} 5. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/05/12/oldest_us_lightship_comes_home_to_boston/|title=Oldest US Lightship Comes Home to Boston|last=Schworm|first=Peter|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=12 May 2010|accessdate=2012-10-04}} 6. ^{{cite news |title=Kennedy to lie in repose in Boston for 2 days |url=http://www.detnews.com/article/20090827/NATION/908270446/1361/Kennedy-to-lie-in-repose-in-Boston-for-2-days |date=27 August 2009 |work=Detroit News |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=2009-08-27 |first=Ray |last=Henry |quote=On Wednesday night, the Lightship Nantucket—the vessel that marked limits of the dangerous Nantucket Shoals in Massachusetts for more than 150 years—pulled up outside the Kennedy compound as dusk fell and illuminated the late senator's schooner as a tribute.}}{{failed verification |date=October 2012}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/cutters/WLV/WLV613.asp|title=U.S. Coast Guard Lightships & Those of the U.S. Lighthouse Service|publisher=uscg.mil|accessdate=2015-09-14}} 8. ^[https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.php?station=44008 Nantucket Shoals LB "N"], National Data Buoy Center, NOAA Further reading
External links
Resources
5 : Lightship stations|World War I auxiliary ships of the United States|Nantucket, Massachusetts|United States Navy Massachusetts-related ships|1936 ships |
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