| 词条 | Ministerial Conference | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Ministerial Conference is the top decision making body of the World Trade Organization (WTO).[1] There have been eleven ministrial conferences from 1996 to 2017, usually every two years. Ministerial conferences
First ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996}}The inaugural ministerial conference was held in Singapore in 1996. Its primary purpose was to initiate an international effort among global trading nations to overhaul the structure and mechanisms of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) while preserving the considerable progress and success achieved by that system since its inception in 1948. Disagreements, largely between developed and developing economies, emerged over four issues initiated by this conference; afterward, these were collectively referred to as the "Singapore issues". Second ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998}}Was held in Geneva in Switzerland. Third ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999}}The third conference in Seattle, United States ended in failure, with massive demonstrations and police and National Guard crowd control efforts drawing worldwide attention. Fourth ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001}}The fourth conference was held in Doha In Persian Gulf nation of Qatar. The Doha Development Round was launched at the conference. The conference also approved the joining of China, which became the 143rd member to join. Fifth ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003}}The ministerial conference was held in Cancún, Mexico, aiming at forging agreement on the Doha round. An alliance of 22 southern states, the G20 (led by India, China[2] and Brazil), resisted demands from the North for agreements on the so-called "Singapore issues" and called for an end to agricultural subsidies within the EU and the US. The talks broke down without progress. Sixth ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005}}The sixth WTO Conference Ministerial was held in Hong Kong from 13 December – 18 December 2005. It was considered vital if the four-year-old Doha Development Agenda negotiations were to move forward sufficiently to conclude the round in 2006. In this meeting, countries agreed to phase out all their agricultural export subsidies by the end of 2013, and terminate any cotton export subsidies by the end of 2006. Further concessions to developing countries included an agreement to introduce duty-free, tariff-free access for goods from the Least Developed Countries, following the Everything But Arms initiative of the European Union — but with up to 3% of tariff lines exempted. Other major issues were left for further negotiation to be completed by the end of 2006. Seventh ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009}}Was held 30 November – 2 December 2009 in Geneva, Switzerland. The general theme for discussion was "The WTO, the Multilateral Trading System and the Current Global Economic Environment".[3] Eighth ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011}}Was held 15–17 December 2011 in Geneva, Switzerland. Membership agreement where made for Russia, Samoa, and Montenegro.[4] Ninth ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013}}Was held 3–6 December 2013 in Bali, Indonesia. 159 members of World Trade Organization agreed to the Bali Package which eases barriers to international trade.[5] Tenth ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015}}The WTO's 10th Ministerial Conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya, from 15 to 19 December 2015. The completion of Afghanistan and Liberia's accession to the WTO was on the agenda. It culminated in the adoption of the "Nairobi Package", a series of six Ministerial Decisions on agriculture, cotton and issues related to least-developed countries (LDCs). The Conference was chaired by Kenya's Cabinet Secretary for Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Amina Mohamed. Eleventh ministerial conference{{main|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017}}The WTO's 11th Ministerial Conference was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 11 to 13 December 2017. It was chaired by Minister Susana Malcorra of Argentina. The Conference ended with a number of ministerial decisions, including on fisheries subsidies and e-commerce duties, and a commitment to continue negotiations in all areas.[6] Doha Round{{main|Doha Development Round}}The WTO launched the current round of negotiations, the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) or Doha Round, at the Fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar in November 2001. The Doha round was to be an ambitious effort to make globalisation more inclusive and help the world's poor, particularly by slashing barriers and subsidies in farming.[7] The initial agenda comprised both further trade liberalization and new rule-making, underpinned by commitments to strengthen substantial assistance to developing countries.[8] The negotiations have been highly contentious and agreement has not been reached, despite the intense negotiations at several Ministerial Conferences and at other sessions. {{As of|2008}}, disagreements still continued over several key areas including agriculture subsidies.[9] {{GATT and WTO trade rounds}}See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Ministerial Conferences|url=http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/minist_e.htm|publisher=World Trade Organization|accessdate=9 December 2013}} 2. ^Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism 3. ^{{cite web|title=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news09_e/gc_chair_stat_26may09_e.htm WTO to hold 7th Ministerial Conference on 30 November-2 December 2009|url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news09_e/gc_chair_stat_26may09_e.htm|publisher=World Trade Organization|date=26 May 2009|accessdate=9 December 2013}} 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news11_e/mn11a_17dec11_e.htm | title=Day 3: Samoa and Montenegro join Russia with membership agreed, as ministers wrap up conference | publisher=WTO | date=17 December 2011 | accessdate=9 December 2013}} 5. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/830615.shtml#.UqMp1ifGAYs | title=Historic trade package sealed at WTO Bali meeting | publisher=Global Times | date=7 December 2013 | accessdate=9 December 2013}} 6. ^https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/mc11_e.htm 7. ^The Economist, "In the twilight of Doha", 65 8. ^The Doha Development Agenda, European Commission 9. ^{{Cite web |publisher = Congressional Research Service |last = Fergusson |first = Ian F. |title = World Trade Organization Negotiations: The Doha Development Agenda |accessdate = 2008-07-26 |date = 2008-01-18 |url = http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/RL32060.pdf |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725063111/http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/RL32060.pdf |archivedate = 2008-07-25 |df = }} External links
3 : World Trade Organization|20th-century diplomatic conferences|21st-century diplomatic conferences |
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