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词条 Ministry of AYUSH
释义

  1. History

  2. Activities

      Academics    Healthcare    Institutions  

  3. Economics

  4. Criticism

      Pseudoscience    Research    Drugs    Response  

  5. Reception

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

The Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy, abbreviated as AYUSH, is a governmental body in India purposed with developing, education and research in the field of alternative medicines including ayurveda, yoga, unani, naturopathy, siddha and homoeopathy.[1] The ministry is headed by a Minister of State (Independent Charge) which is currently occupied by Shripad Naik.[2]

History

Successive five year plans had allotted considerable focus to alternative (and esp. indigenous) forms of medicine under the healthcare sector.[3] Numerous committees set up by the Government of India for the development of the healthcare sector:- Bhore (1946), Mudaliar (1961) and Srivastava Committee (1975) emphasized upon the improvement of traditional systems of medicine in India.[4] The National Health Policy (1983), National Education Policy in Health Sciences (1989) and National Health Policy (2002) highlighted the role of Indian School of Medicine (ISM) in improving healthcare access and asked for enabling its penetration to the rural masses.[5]

A diploma course in Ayurveda was launched in the 3rd (1961-1966) five year plan and the Central Council of Indian Medicine was established in 1970 followed by Central Council of Homeopathy in 1973.[3] The 6th (1980-1985) and 7th (1985-1990) five year plans aimed at developing novel ISM&H drugs and utilizing ISM&H practitioners in rural family healthcare.[3] The 8th (1992-1997) five year plan lend considerable emphasis on the mainstreaming of AYUSH.[3] The Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) was thus launched in March 1995, under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.[1][3]

The 9th five year plan (1998-2002) ensured for its integration with western medicine and was also the first to tackle different aspects of the AYUSH system in a standalone manner and focused on an overall development ranging from investing in human resource development and preservation and cultivation of medicinal plants to completing a pharmacopoeia and outlining good manufacturing processes.[3]

The department was renamed to AYUSH in November 2003.[1][3] The National Rural Health Mission was launched in 2005 to integrate AYUSH practitioners in national health programmes esp. in primary health care (AYUSH medical officers at community health centers, para-professionals et al) and provide support for research in the field.[6]

On 9 November 2014 it became a ministry in its own right. Observers have noted increased focusing on AYUSH healthcare; post the 2014 Indian general elections.[7]

Activities

Academics

Healthcare

The ministry runs multiple healthcare programs; primarily aimed at the rural population. More than 50,000 children have been enrolled in ‘Homeopathy for Healthy Child'.[8] It observes different days to raise general awareness about AYUSH and promote each of the systems.[9]

AYUSH is supposed to form an integral backbone of the Ayushman Bharat Yojana[10]and the ministry had long worked for integrating the different systems of AYUSH with modern medicine, in what has been described as 'a type of “cross-pathy”'.[19] The proposal has been criticized[11] and the Indian Medical Association remains strongly opposed to it.[19][12][13][7]

The ministry had collaborated with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) in 2001, on codified traditional knowledge on Indian systems of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Yoga, as a means of preventing grant of "bed" patents on traditional knowledge and thus counter biopiracy.[14]

Institutions

Economics

A 2018 study by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) estimated the market share of AYUSH medicines at around USD 3 billion and that India exported AYUSH products of a net worth USD 401.68 million in the fiscal year 2016-17.[15] The Department of Pharmaceuticals had allocated a budget of ₹ 144 crore to the ministry for 2018-2020 for manufacture of alternative medicines.[16]

As of March 2015, there were nearly eight lakh AYUSH practitioners, over 90 per cent of whom practiced homeopathy or ayurveda.[19]

Criticism

The Washington Post has noted the efforts behind the revival of Ayurveda as a part of the ruling party's rhetoric of restoring India's past glory to achieve prosperity in the future.[7] It also noted of the Ayurveda-industry being largely non-standardized and that its critics associated the aggressive pushing of Ayurveda into healthcare services as a product of the Hindu nationalist ideology of the ruling party.[7]

Some researchers have argued that the provision of AYUSH services is an example of “forced pluralism” which often leads to disbursal of incompetent healthcare services by unqualified practitioners.[4][17]

Pseudoscience

There is no credible efficacy or scientific basis of any of these forms of treatment.[19][18][19][20][21][22][23]

A strong consensus prevails among the scientific community that Homeopathy is a pseudo-scientific[24][25][26][27], non-ethical[28][29] and implausible line of treatment.[30][31][32][33][34][35] Ayurveda is deemed to be pseudoscientific[36][23][37] but is occasionally considered a protoscience, or trans-science system instead.[38][39]Naturopathy and Unani are considered to be forms of pseudo-scientific quackery,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] ineffective and possibly harmful,[48][49] with a plethora of ethical issues about their practice.[40][50][51]

Research

The quality of the research done by the ministry has been heavily criticized. Clinical trials of homeopathic drugs, conducted by their research wings were rejected in totality by the Lancet and National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia. There has been an acute dearth of RCTs on Ayurveda[52] and multiple systemic reviews have highlighted several methodological problems with the studies and trials conducted by AYUSH and its associates in relation to developing an Ayurvedic drug for diabetes.[53]A tendency to publish in dubious predatory journals and non-reproducibility by independent studies has also been noted.[72][54]India is also yet to conduct a systemic review of any of the systems of medicine under the purview of AYUSH.[52]

Drugs

The ministry (in conjunction with other national laboratories) has been subject to heavy criticism for developing, advocating and commercializing multiple sham-drugs (BGR-34, IME9, Dalzbone, Ayush-64 et al) and treatment-regimes for a variety of diseases including dengue[55][10][56][57], chikungunya, swine flu[58], asthma, autism[59], diabetes, malaria[60], AIDS[61], cancer et cetera[62] despite a complete absence of rigorous pharmacological studies and/or meaningful clinical trials.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69][54][70][71][72]

A 2018 review article noted the existing regulations to be in-adequate for ensuring the safety, quality, efficacy and standardized rational use of these forms of treatment. Monitoring of adverse effects from the usage of these drugs and contraindication trials were absent, too.[4]

The average expenditure for drugs on AYUSH and allopathy has been found to not vary widely.[5]

The ministry had attracted international criticism after publishing a pamphlet titled Mother and Child Care through Yoga and Naturopathy which asked pregnant women to abstain from eating meat and eggs, shun desire and lust, hang beautiful photos in the bedroom and to nurture spiritual and ‘pure’ thoughts among other advices.[64][73]

Response

The ministry had rejected the claims of inefficacy. The ministry had rejected the NHMRC's study on homeopathy; despite its critical acclaim as the most rigorous and reliable investigation into homeopathy ever[74][75] and in 2017, set up a committee at the Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (CCRH) to counter western propaganda against homeopathy; which was ill-received.[8][76][71][77]

Reception

A NSSO survey in 2014 found that only 6.9% of the population favored AYUSH (3.5% ISM and 3.0% homeopathy) over other lines of treatment and that the urban population was slightly more conducive to seeking AYUSH forms of treatment than their rural counterparts.[78][5] A 2014 study did not report any significant difference between the usage of AYUSH services by rural and urban populace, after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic variables.[5] Low-income households exhibited the highest tendency for AYUSH followed by high-income households and on an overall, AYUSH lines of treatment were majorly used to treat chronic diseases.[5] The treatments were more used among females in rural India but no gender-differential was observed in the urban populations.[5] Chhattisgarh (15.4%), Kerala (13.7%), and West Bengal (11.6%) displayed the highest AYUSH utilization levels.[5]

A 2018 review article noted that the states exhibited differential preference for particular AYUSH systems. Ayurveda and Siddha respectively show greater popularities in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Unani was well-received in Hyderabad region and among Muslims whilst Homeopathy was highly popular in Bengal and Odisha. It further noted that the preference among the general population for usage of AYUSH revolved around a perceived "distrust or frustration with allopathic medicine, cost effectiveness, accessibility, non-availability of other options and less side effects of AYUSH medicines".[4]

References

1. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://ayush.gov.in/about-us/about-the-ministry|title=About the Ministry|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of AYUSH|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ayush.gov.in/meet-the-minister/sh-shripad-yesso-naik-independent-charges|title=Meet the Minister|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of AYUSH|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite journal|last=Samal|first=Janmejaya|date=2015-11-08|title=Situational analysis and future directions of AYUSH: An assessment through 5-year plans of India|journal=Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology|volume=4|issue=4|pages=348–354|doi=10.5455/jice.20151101093011|issn=2146-8397|pmc=4665030|pmid=26649240}}
4. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2018-0020/jcim-2018-0020.xml|title=Utilization, preference, perception and characteristics of people adopting traditional and AYUSH systems of medicine in India: a systematic review : Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine|date=18 October 2018|journal=Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine|access-date=18 February 2019|doi=10.1515/jcim-2018-0020|pmid=30352037|last1=Samal|first1=Janmejaya|last2=Dehury|first2=Ranjit Kumar}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite journal|last=Rudra|first=Shalini|last2=Kalra|first2=Aakshi|last3=Kumar|first3=Abhishek|last4=Joe|first4=William|date=2017-05-04|title=Utilization of alternative systems of medicine as health care services in India: Evidence on AYUSH care from NSS 2014|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=12|issue=5|pages=e0176916|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0176916|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5417584|pmid=28472197}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lakshmi|first=J. K.|date=January 2012|title=Less equal than others? Experiences of AYUSH medical officers in primary health centres in Andhra Pradesh|journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics|volume=9|issue=1|pages=18–21|doi=10.20529/IJME.2012.005|issn=0974-8466|pmid=22319847}}
7. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/how-ghee-turmeric-and-aloe-vera-became-indias-newinstruments-of-soft-power/2018/01/28/5eb8d836-f4ce-11e7-9af7-a50bc3300042_story.html|title=How ghee, turmeric and aloe vera became India’s new instruments of soft power|last=|first=|date=29 January 2018|work=The Washington Post|access-date=18 February 2019}}
8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/ayush-ministry-homeopathy-false-propaganda|title=AYUSH Ministry Writes to Nobel Laureate Against His 'False Propaganda' on Homeopathy|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-01-23}}
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10. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/clinical-trials-on-ayurvedic-medicine-against-dengue-underway-shripad-naik/articleshow/66497106.cms|title=Clinical trials on Ayurvedic medicine against dengue underway: Shripad Naik|date=2018-11-04|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-01-22}}
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14. ^{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61511|title=Know Instances of Patenting on the UES of Medicinal Plants in India|date=May 6, 2010|publisher=PIB, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|accessdate=21 May 2010}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ayush-ministry-aims-to-triple-market-share-of-its-medicines-services/articleshow/66476035.cms|title=AYUSH ministry aims to triple market share of its medicines, services - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-31}}
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18. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/policy-and-issues/ayush-ministry-rails-against-global-study-on-homeopathy/article8561466.ece|title=AYUSH Ministry rails against global study on homeopathy|last=Krishnan|first=Vidya|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-24|language=en}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/variety/ayush-homeopathy-snake-charmers-placebo/story/1/15802.html|title=India's govt not only believes in homeopathy, it spends money on it|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=2017-05-24}}
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26. ^{{cite book|title=Chapter 2: Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?|vauthors=Baran GR, Kiana MF, Samuel SP|journal=Healthcare and Biomedical Technology in the 21st Century|publisher=Springer|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4614-8540-7|pages=19–57|chapter=Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2|quote=within the traditional medical community it is considered to be quackery}}
27. ^{{cite book|title=Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem|author=Ladyman J|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-226-05196-3|veditors=Pigliucci M, Boudry M|pages=48–49|chapter=Chapter 3: Towards a Demarcation of Science from Pseudoscience|quote=Yet homeopathy is a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It is neither simply bad science nor science fraud, but rather profoundly departs from scientific method and theories while being described as scientific by some of its adherents (often sincerely).}}
28. ^{{cite journal|last1=Shaw|first1=DM|year=2010|title=Homeopathy is where the harm is: Five unethical effects of funding unscientific 'remedies'|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|volume=36|issue=3|pages=130–31|doi=10.1136/jme.2009.034959|pmc=|pmid=20211989}}
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External links

  • Ministry of Ayush, Official website
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, official website
{{Union ministries of India}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry of AYUSH}}

3 : 2014 establishments in India|Unani medicine|Ministry of AYUSH
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