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词条 Mir-221 microRNA
释义

  1. See also

  2. References

  3. Further reading

  4. External links

{{Infobox rfam
| Name = mir-221
| image =RF00651.png
| width =
| caption =Conserved secondary structure of mir-221
| Symbol = mir-221
| AltSymbols =
| Rfam = RF00651
| miRBase_family = MIPF0000051
| RNA_type = microRNA
| Tax_domain = Eukaryota; Vertebrata;
| HGNCid = 31601
| OMIM = 300568
}}

In molecular biology, mir-221 microRNA (and its paralogue, mir-222) is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.

mir-221 is an oncogenic microRNA.[1] It targets CD117, which then prevents cell migration and proliferation in endothelial cells.[2][3]

miR-221 is known as an anti angiogenic miRNA.[4][5]

Recent important studies have reported that miR-221 is also involved in induction of angiogenesis.[6][7][8]

RNA induced Silencing Complex (RISC) proteins SND1 and AEG-1 induces miR-221 expression in Liver cancer.[9]

In liver cancer miR-221 induces the tumor angiogenesis.[6] miR-221 detection in human faeces can be a non-invasive screening marker for colorectal cancer.[10]

See also

  • MicroRNA

References

1. ^{{cite journal|last=Pang|first=Y |author2=Young, CY |author3=Yuan, H|title=MicroRNAs and prostate cancer.|journal=Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica|date=Jun 15, 2010|volume=42|issue=6|pages=363–9|pmid=20539944|doi=10.1093/abbs/gmq038}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last=Urbich|first=C|author2=Kuehbacher, A |author3=Dimmeler, S |title=Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis|journal=Cardiovascular Research|date=Sep 1, 2008|volume=79|issue=4|pages=581–8|pmid=18550634|doi=10.1093/cvr/cvn156}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last=Vasilatou|first=D|author2=Papageorgiou, S |author3=Pappa, V |author4=Papageorgiou, E |author5=Dervenoulas, J |title=The role of microRNAs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis|journal=European Journal of Haematology|date=Jan 1, 2010|volume=84|issue=1|pages=1–16|pmid=19744129|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01348.x}}
4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuehbacher A, Urbich C, Dimmeler S |title=Targeting microRNA expression to regulate angiogenesis |journal=Trends Pharmacol Sci |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=12–5 |year=2008 |pmid=18068232 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2007.10.014}}
5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Urbich C, Kuehbacher A, Dimmeler S |title=Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis |journal=Cardiovasc Res |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=581–8 |year=2008 |pmid=18550634 |doi=10.1093/cvr/cvn156}}
6. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Santhekadur PK, Das SK, Gredler R, Chen D, Srivastava J, Robertson C, Baldwin AS, Fisher PB, Sarkar D |title=Multifunction protein staphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1) promotes tumor angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma through novel pathway that involves nuclear factor κB and miR-221 |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=287 |issue=17 |pages=13952–8 |year=2012 |pmid=22396537 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M111.321646 |pmc=3340184}}
7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Nicoli S, Knyphausen CP, Zhu LJ, Lakshmanan A, Lawson ND |title=miR-221 is required for endothelial tip cell behaviors during vascular development |journal=Dev Cell |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=418–29 |year=2012 |pmid=22340502 |doi=10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.008 |pmc=3285411}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last=Le Bot|first=Nathalie|title=MicroRNAs in angiogenesis|journal=Nat. Cell Biol.|date=2 Apr 2012|volume=14|issue=4|pages=342|doi=10.1038/ncb2484}}
9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Yoo BK, Santhekadur PK, Gredler R, Chen D, Emdad L, Bhutia S, Pannell L, Fisher PB, Sarkar D |title=Increased RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) activity contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma |journal=Hepatology |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1538–48 |year=2011 |pmid=21520169 |doi=10.1002/hep.24216 |pmc=3081619}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|title = microRNA-221 and microRNA-18a identification in stool as potential biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma|journal = British Journal of Cancer|date = 2014-10-28|issn = 0007-0920|pmc = 4453736|pmid = 25233396|pages = 1765–1771|volume = 111|issue = 9|doi = 10.1038/bjc.2014.484|first = T. O.|last = Yau|first2 = C. W.|last2 = Wu|first3 = Y.|last3 = Dong|first4 = C.-M.|last4 = Tang|first5 = S. S. M.|last5 = Ng|first6 = F. K. L.|last6 = Chan|first7 = J. J. Y.|last7 = Sung|first8 = J.|last8 = Yu}}

Further reading

{{Refbegin|33em}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang A, Wang Y, Han L, You Y, Pu P, Kang C |title=PUMA is a novel target of miR-221/222 in human epithelial cancers |journal=Int J Oncol |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1621–6 |year=2010 |pmid=21042732 |doi=10.3892/ijo_00000816}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Pu XX, Huang GL, Guo HQ, Guo CC, Li H, Ye S, Ling S, Jiang L, Tian Y, Lin TY |title=Circulating miR-221 directly amplified from plasma is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker of colorectal cancer and is correlated with p53 expression |journal=J Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1674–80 |year=2010 |pmid=20880178 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06417.x}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Kedde M, van Kouwenhove M, Zwart W, Oude Vrielink JA, Elkon R, Agami R |title=A Pumilio-induced RNA structure switch in p27-3' UTR controls miR-221 and miR-222 accessibility |journal=Nat Cell Biol |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=1014–20 |year=2010 |pmid=20818387 |doi=10.1038/ncb2105}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang CZ, Zhang JX, Zhang AL, Shi ZD, Han L, Jia ZF, Yang WD, Wang GX, Jiang T, You YP, Pu PY, Cheng JQ, Kang CS |title=MiR-221 and miR-222 target PUMA to induce cell survival in glioblastoma |journal=Mol Cancer |volume=9 |issue= |pages=229 |year=2010 |pmid=20813046 |doi=10.1186/1476-4598-9-229 |pmc=2939570}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Dai R, Li J, Liu Y, Yan D, Chen S, Duan C, Liu X, He T, Li H |title=miR-221/222 suppression protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis via p27(Kip1)- and MEK/ERK-mediated cell cycle regulation |journal=Biol Chem |volume=391 |issue=7 |pages=791–801 |year=2010 |pmid=20624000 |doi=10.1515/BC.2010.072}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Chun-Zhi Z, Lei H, An-Ling Z, Yan-Chao F, Xiao Y, Guang-Xiu W, Zhi-Fan J, Pei-Yu P, Qing-Yu Z, Chun-Sheng K |title=MicroRNA-221 and microRNA-222 regulate gastric carcinoma cell proliferation and radioresistance by targeting PTEN |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=10|pages=367 |year=2010 |pmid=20618998 |doi=10.1186/1471-2407-10-367 |pmc=2914702}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Kim D, Song J, Jin EJ |title=MicroRNA-221 regulates chondrogenic differentiation through promoting proteosomal degradation of slug by targeting Mdm2 |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=285 |issue=35 |pages=26900–7 |year=2010 |pmid=20576614 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M110.115105 |pmc=2930689}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Das SK, Sokhi UK, Bhutia SK, Azab B, Su ZZ, Sarkar D, Fisher PB |title=Human polynucleotide phosphorylase selectively and preferentially degrades microRNA-221 in human melanoma cells |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=107 |issue=26 |pages=11948–53 |year=2010 |pmid=20547861 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0914143107 |pmc=2900648}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Chen Y, Banda M, Speyer CL, Smith JS, Rabson AB, Gorski DH |title=Regulation of the expression and activity of the antiangiogenic homeobox gene GAX/MEOX2 by ZEB2 and microRNA-221 |journal=Mol Cell Biol |volume=30 |issue=15 |pages=3902–13 |year=2010 |pmid=20516212 |doi=10.1128/MCB.01237-09 |pmc=2916411}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Wurz K, Garcia RL, Goff BA, Mitchell PS, Lee JH, Tewari M, Swisher EM |title=MiR-221 and MiR-222 alterations in sporadic ovarian carcinoma: Relationship to CDKN1B, CDKNIC and overall survival |journal=Genes Chromosomes Cancer |volume=49 |issue=7 |pages=577–84 |year=2010 |pmid=20461750 |doi=10.1002/gcc.20768 |pmc=2869465}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang C, Han L, Zhang A, Yang W, Zhou X, Pu P, Du Y, Zeng H, Kang C |title=Global changes of mRNA expression reveals an increased activity of the interferon-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway by repression of miR-221/222 in glioblastoma U251 cells |journal=Int J Oncol |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1503–12 |year=2010 |pmid=20428775 |doi=10.3892/ijo_00000637}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Gabbianelli M, Testa U, Morsilli O, Pelosi E, Saulle E, Petrucci E, Castelli G, Giovinazzi S, Mariani G, Fiori ME, Bonanno G, Massa A, Croce CM, Fontana L, Peschle C |title=Mechanism of human Hb switching: a possible role of the kit receptor/miR 221-222 complex |journal=Haematologica |volume=95 |issue=8 |pages=1253–60 |year=2010 |pmid=20305142 |doi=10.3324/haematol.2009.018259 |pmc=2913072}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Frenquelli M, Muzio M, Scielzo C, Fazi C, Scarfò L, Rossi C, Ferrari G, Ghia P, Caligaris-Cappio F |title=MicroRNA and proliferation control in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: functional relationship between miR-221/222 cluster and p27 |journal=Blood |volume=115 |issue=19 |pages=3949–59 |year=2010 |pmid=20203269 |doi=10.1182/blood-2009-11-254656}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Han L, Ge Y, Zhou X, Zhang A, Zhang C, Zhong Y, You Y, Pu P, Kang C |title=miR-221/222 promote malignant progression of glioma through activation of the Akt pathway |journal=Int J Oncol |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=913–20 |year=2010 |pmid=20198336 |doi=10.3892/ijo_00000570}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Fu X, Wang Q, Chen J, Huang X, Chen X, Cao L, Tan H, Li W, Zhang L, Bi J, Su Q, Chen L |title=Clinical significance of miR-221 and its inverse correlation with p27(Kip1) in hepatocellular carcinoma |journal=Mol Biol Rep |volume= 38|issue= 5|pages= 3029–3035|year=2010 |pmid=20146005 |doi=10.1007/s11033-010-9969-5}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Hu G, Gong AY, Liu J, Zhou R, Deng C, Chen XM |title=miR-221 suppresses ICAM-1 translation and regulates interferon-gamma-induced ICAM-1 expression in human cholangiocytes |journal=Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol |volume=298 |issue=4 |pages=G542–50 |year=2010 |pmid=20110463 |doi=10.1152/ajpgi.00490.2009 |pmc=2853302}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhao P, Fu Z, You YP, Lu XM, Lu AL, Liu N |title=[Construction and screening an effective anti-miR-221 RNAi vector in vitro] |journal=Sichuan da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=973–7 |year=2009 |pmid=20067101}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang CZ, Kang CS, Pu PY, Wang GX, Jia ZF, Zhang AL, Han L, Xu P |title=[Inhibitory effect of knocking down microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 on glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo] |journal=Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=721–6 |year=2009 |pmid=20021821}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Pineau P, Volinia S, McJunkin K, Marchio A, Battiston C, Terris B, Mazzaferro V, Lowe SW, Croce CM, Dejean A |title=miR-221 overexpression contributes to liver tumorigenesis |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=264–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20018759 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0907904107 |pmc=2806773}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Sredni ST, Bonaldo Mde F, Costa FF, Huang CC, Hamm CA, Rajaram V, Tomita T, Goldman S, Bischof JM, Soares MB |title=Upregulation of mir-221 and mir-222 in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors: potential therapeutic targets |journal=Childs Nerv Syst |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=279–83 |year=2010 |pmid=20012062 |doi=10.1007/s00381-009-1028-y}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Garofalo M, Di Leva G, Romano G, Nuovo G, Suh SS, Ngankeu A, Taccioli C, Pichiorri F, Alder H, Secchiero P, Gasparini P, Gonelli A, Costinean S, Acunzo M, Condorelli G, Croce CM |title=miR-221&222 regulate TRAIL resistance and enhance tumorigenicity through PTEN and TIMP3 downregulation |journal=Cancer Cell |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=498–509 |year=2009 |pmid=19962668 |doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2009.10.014 |pmc=2796583}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang C, Wang G, Kang C, Du Y, Pu P |title=[Up-regulation of p27(kip1) by miR-221/222 antisense oligonucleotides enhances the radiosensitivity of U251 glioblastoma] |journal=Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=634–8 |year=2009 |pmid=19953484 |doi=10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2009.06.006}}
  • {{cite journal |author=Cardinali B, Castellani L, Fasanaro P, Basso A, Alemà S, Martelli F, Falcone G |title=Microrna-221 and microrna-222 modulate differentiation and maturation of skeletal muscle cells |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=e7607 |year=2009 |pmid=19859555 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007607 |editor1-last=Ng |editor1-first=Irene Oi-Lin |pmc=2762614}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Lu Q, Lu C, Zhou GP, Zhang W, Xiao H, Wang XR |title=MicroRNA-221 silencing predisposed human bladder cancer cells to undergo apoptosis induced by TRAIL |journal=Urol Oncol |volume= 28|issue= 6|pages= 635–41|year=2009 |pmid=19767219 |doi=10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.06.005}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Kotani A, Ha D, Hsieh J, Rao PK, Schotte D, den Boer ML, Armstrong SA, Lodish HF |title=miR-128b is a potent glucocorticoid sensitizer in MLL-AF4 acute lymphocytic leukemia cells and exerts cooperative effects with miR-221 |journal=Blood |volume=114 |issue=19 |pages=4169–78 |year=2009 |pmid=19749093 |doi=10.1182/blood-2008-12-191619 |pmc=2774553}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Gramantieri L, Fornari F, Ferracin M, Veronese A, Sabbioni S, Calin GA, Grazi GL, Croce CM, Bolondi L, Negrini M |title=MicroRNA-221 targets Bmf in hepatocellular carcinoma and correlates with tumor multifocality |journal=Clin Cancer Res |volume=15 |issue=16 |pages=5073–81 |year=2009 |pmid=19671867 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0092|pmc=3900721 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Sun T, Yang M, Kantoff P, Lee GS |title=Role of microRNA-221/-222 in cancer development and progression |journal=Cell Cycle |volume=8 |issue=15 |pages=2315–6 |year=2009 |pmid=19625765 |doi=10.4161/cc.8.15.9221}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Spahn M, Kneitz S, Scholz CJ, Stenger N, Rüdiger T, Ströbel P, Riedmiller H, Kneitz B |title=Expression of microRNA-221 is progressively reduced in aggressive prostate cancer and metastasis and predicts clinical recurrence |journal=Int J Cancer |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=394–403 |year=2010 |pmid=19585579 |doi=10.1002/ijc.24715}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Terasawa K, Ichimura A, Sato F, Shimizu K, Tsujimoto G |title=Sustained activation of ERK1/2 by NGF induces microRNA-221 and 222 in PC12 cells |journal=FEBS J |volume=276 |issue=12 |pages=3269–76 |year=2009 |pmid=19438724 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07041.x}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang C, Kang C, You Y, Pu P, Yang W, Zhao P, Wang G, Zhang A, Jia Z, Han L, Jiang H |title=Co-suppression of miR-221/222 cluster suppresses human glioma cell growth by targeting p27kip1 in vitro and in vivo |journal=Int J Oncol |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=1653–60 |year=2009 |pmid=19424584 |doi=10.3892/ijo_00000296}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Minami Y, Satoh M, Maesawa C, Takahashi Y, Tabuchi T, Itoh T, Nakamura M |title=Effect of atorvastatin on microRNA 221 / 222 expression in endothelial progenitor cells obtained from patients with coronary artery disease |journal=Eur J Clin Invest |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=359–67 |year=2009 |pmid=19371267 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02110.x}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Sun T, Wang Q, Balk S, Brown M, Lee GS, Kantoff P |title=The role of microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines |journal=Cancer Res |volume=69 |issue=8 |pages=3356–63 |year=2009 |pmid=19351832 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4112 |pmc=2703812}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Li Y, Song YH, Li F, Yang T, Lu YW, Geng YJ |title=MicroRNA-221 regulates high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction |journal=Biochem Biophys Res Commun |volume=381 |issue=1 |pages=81–3 |year=2009 |pmid=19351599 |doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.013 |pmc=2670889}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Liu X, Cheng Y, Zhang S, Lin Y, Yang J, Zhang C |title=A necessary role of miR-221 and miR-222 in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia |journal=Circ Res |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=476–87 |year=2009 |pmid=19150885 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.185363 |pmc=2728290}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Mayoral RJ, Pipkin ME, Pachkov M, van Nimwegen E, Rao A, Monticelli S |title=MicroRNA-221-222 regulate the cell cycle in mast cells |journal=Journal of Immunology |volume=182 |issue=1 |pages=433–45 |year=2009 |pmid=19109175 |pmc=2610349 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.433}}
  • {{cite journal |author=Mercatelli N, Coppola V, Bonci D, Miele F, Costantini A, Guadagnoli M, Bonanno E, Muto G, Frajese GV, De Maria R, Spagnoli LG, Farace MG, Ciafrè SA |title=The inhibition of the highly expressed miR-221 and miR-222 impairs the growth of prostate carcinoma xenografts in mice |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=e4029 |year=2008 |pmid=19107213 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004029 |editor1-last=Blagosklonny |editor1-first=Mikhail V. |pmc=2603596}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Davis BN, Hilyard AC, Nguyen PH, Lagna G, Hata A |title=Induction of microRNA-221 by platelet-derived growth factor signaling is critical for modulation of vascular smooth muscle phenotype |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=284 |issue=6 |pages=3728–38 |year=2009 |pmid=19088079 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M808788200 |pmc=2635044}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Kim HJ, Chung JK, Hwang do W, Lee DS, Kim S |title=In vivo imaging of miR-221 biogenesis in papillary thyroid carcinoma |journal=Mol Imaging Biol |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=71–8 |year= 2008|pmid=19030936 |doi=10.1007/s11307-008-0188-6}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Felicetti F, Errico MC, Segnalini P, Mattia G, Carè A |title=MicroRNA-221 and -222 pathway controls melanoma progression |journal=Expert Rev Anticancer Ther |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1759–65 |year=2008 |pmid=18983236 |doi=10.1586/14737140.8.11.1759}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Kim HJ, Kim YH, Lee DS, Chung JK, Kim S |title=In vivo imaging of functional targeting of miR-221 in papillary thyroid carcinoma |journal=J Nucl Med |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1686–93 |year=2008 |pmid=18794255 |doi=10.2967/jnumed.108.052894}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhao JJ, Lin J, Yang H, Kong W, He L, Ma X, Coppola D, Cheng JQ |title=MicroRNA-221/222 negatively regulates estrogen receptor alpha and is associated with tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=283 |issue=45 |pages=31079–86 |year=2008 |pmid=18790736 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M806041200 |pmc=2576549}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Miller TE, Ghoshal K, Ramaswamy B, Roy S, Datta J, Shapiro CL, Jacob S, Majumder S |title=MicroRNA-221/222 confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer by targeting p27Kip1 |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=283 |issue=44 |pages=29897–903 |year=2008 |pmid=18708351 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M804612200 |pmc=2573063}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Fornari F, Gramantieri L, Ferracin M, Veronese A, Sabbioni S, Calin GA, Grazi GL, Giovannini C, Croce CM, Bolondi L, Negrini M |title=MiR-221 controls CDKN1C/p57 and CDKN1B/p27 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma |journal=Oncogene |volume=27 |issue=43 |pages=5651–61 |year=2008 |pmid=18521080 |doi=10.1038/onc.2008.178}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Felicetti F, Errico MC, Bottero L, Segnalini P, Stoppacciaro A, Biffoni M, Felli N, Mattia G, Petrini M, Colombo MP, Peschle C, Carè A |title=The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger-microRNA-221/-222 pathway controls melanoma progression through multiple oncogenic mechanisms |journal=Cancer Res |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=2745–54 |year=2008 |pmid=18417445 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2538}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Visone R, Russo L, Pallante P, De Martino I, Ferraro A, Leone V, Borbone E, Petrocca F, Alder H, Croce CM, Fusco A |title=MicroRNAs (miR)-221 and miR-222, both overexpressed in human thyroid papillary carcinomas, regulate p27Kip1 protein levels and cell cycle |journal=Endocr Relat Cancer |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=791–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17914108 |doi=10.1677/ERC-07-0129}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=le Sage C, Nagel R, Egan DA, Schrier M, Mesman E, Mangiola A, Anile C, Maira G, Mercatelli N, Ciafrè SA, Farace MG, Agami R |title=Regulation of the p27(Kip1) tumor suppressor by miR-221 and miR-222 promotes cancer cell proliferation |journal=The EMBO Journal|volume=26 |issue=15 |pages=3699–708 |year=2007 |pmid=17627278 |doi=10.1038/sj.emboj.7601790 |pmc=1949005}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Galardi S, Mercatelli N, Giorda E, Massalini S, Frajese GV, Ciafrè SA, Farace MG |title=miR-221 and miR-222 expression affects the proliferation potential of human prostate carcinoma cell lines by targeting p27Kip1 |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=282 |issue=32 |pages=23716–24 |year=2007 |pmid=17569667 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M701805200}}
{{Refend}}

External links

  • {{Rfam|id=RF00651|name=mir-221 microRNA precursor family}}
{{miRNA precursor families}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir-221 Microrna}}

2 : MicroRNA|Non-coding RNA
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