| 词条 | Mirning | |||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Mirning, also known as the Ngandatha, are an Indigenous Australian people whose traditional lands lay on the coastal region of the Great Australian Bight extending from Western Australia into south-west South Australia. NameMirniŋ was their name for 'man'.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=248}} LanguageMirning was, properly speaking, a language known as Ngandatha, bearing the sense of "What is it?".{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=248}} CountryThe Mirning's traditional lands covered, according to Norman Tindale, roughly {{convert|39,000|mi2|km2}} of territory, reaching from Point Culver{{efn|Tindale states 'Port Culver' which appears to be an error or misprint, otherwise unattested, for Matthew Flinders's Point Culver. Tindale's coordinates for the area coincide with those of Point Culver according to the ('Point Culver (32°54'S., 124°42'E.'), and secondly Point Culver is given by W. Graham{{sfn|Graham|1886|p=394}}{{sfn|NGIA|2004|p=158}}}} eastwards across to White Well in South Australia. Their northern limit was generally the ecological line separating them from the beginning of the karst plateau of the Nullarbor Plain, though good rains would see them penetrating further north. In Norman Tindale's estimation their tribal territory encompassed roughly {{convert|39,000|mi2|km2}}.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=248}} Social organizationThe Mirning were organized into hordes of which two at least are known.
For ceremonial rites, involving the tribe's adoption of circumcision and subincision, the Wonunda-mirnung and Jirkala-mirning would gather at Jadjuuna, just south of Cocklebiddy.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=248}} Their kinship system has 4 classes:- Būdera (root), Būdū (digger), Kūra, (dingo) and Wenŭng (wombat).{{sfn|Howitt|1883|pp=508–509}}{{efn|D. E. Roe of Euclas in Fison and Howitt, 1880{{sfn|Fison|Howitt|1880|p=345}}}} Howitt describes the tribe's marriage system as "very peculiar", in which two classes (Būdera and Kūra) have a privileged position as follows:{{sfn|Howitt|1883|pp=508–509}}
People and history of contactThe Mirning were, according to measurements made of old people from a remnant of the tribe in 1939, relatively short in stature and practice rites of circumcision and subincision.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=248}} {{efn"The Wonunda speak of the tribes to the north of them as Katabungata and Mooroon, which last word means fat or stout, and of those to the west as Kooraradee, or tall. The reason of this, no doubt, is that the country of the Wonunda Meening is little better than a waterless desert, and its inhabitants, in comparison with their neighbours, half-starved, spare in person, low in stature, who use weapons and implements of an inferior sort".{{sfn|Graham|1886|p=394}}}} The Jirkala-mirning were first contacted by whites in 1872, when their numbers were estimated to be 30, consisting of 11 men, 8 women, 5 adolescents, and 6 children.{{sfn|Williams|1886|p=401}} It was estimated by the first whites who settled in Wonunda-mirnung territory in 1877 that they numbered no more than 80 persons, 15 men, 15 women, 10 adolescents, and some 40 children.{{sfn|Graham|1886|p=395}} Writing in 1931, A. P. Elkin stated: 'The Wanbiri-speaking tribe, referred to as the Yerkla-mining (that is, the men at Yerkla or Irgala) is now extinct.'{{sfn|Elkin|1931|p=62}} MediaIn April 1994 Julian Lennon proposed making a documentary, with the provisory title 'Eyes of the Soul -Legends of Whales, Dolphins and Tribes' which would have touched on the Mirnung's cultural relationship to whales.{{sfn|Maddox|2007}}{{sfn|HJC}} A new documentary called Whaledreamers - the Gathering, which includes mention of the Mirning, was made in 2006.{{sfn|Seiler|2012|p=56}} Alternative names
Some words
Notes{{notelist}}CitationsSources{{refbegin|30em}}
| publisher = AIATSIS | url = https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia | ref = {{harvid|AIATSIS}} }}
| last = Elkin | first = A. P. | author-link = A. P. Elkin | journal = Oceania | date = September 1931 | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–73 | jstor = 40327353 | ref = harv }}
| publisher = heyjules.com | url = http://www.heyjules.com/wouldyou/eyesofthesoul3.html | ref = {{harvid|HJC}} }}
| last1 = Fison | first1 = Lorimer | last2 = Howitt | first2 = Alfred William | author1-link = Lorimer Fison | author2-link = Alfred William Howitt | year = 1880 | publisher = G Robinson | location = Melbourne | url = https://archive.org/download/kamilaroikurnaig00fiso/kamilaroikurnaig00fiso.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv }}
| last = Graham | first = W. | year = 1886 | title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent | editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr | volume = Volume 1 | pages = 394–299 | publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne | chapter-url = https://archive.org/download/australianracei01currgoog/australianracei01currgoog.pdf | chapter-format = PDF | ref = harv }}
| last = Howitt | first = Alfred William | author-link = Alfred William Howitt | journal = Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland | year = 1883 | volume = 12 | pages = 496–512 | jstor = 2841688 | ref = harv }}
| last = Maddox | first = Lauren | newspaper = The Houstonian | url = http://houstonianonline.com/2007/04/17/julian-lennon-sells-stake-in-beatles-music/ | date = 17 April 2007 | ref = harv }}
| year = 2004 | publisher = ProStar Publications | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d1pxcX5ged8C&pg=PA158 | isbn = 978-1-577-85655-9 | ref = {{harvid|NGIA|2004}} }}
| last = Seiler | first = Elaine | year = 2012 | publisher = Dog Ear Publishing | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljg9VB_qztoC&pg=PA56 | isbn = 978-1-457-50629-1 | ref = harv }}
| publisher = Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia | url = https://www.daa.wa.gov.au/globalassets/pdf-files/maps/state/tindale_daa.pdf | format = PDF | date = September 2016 | ref = {{harvid|TTB|2016}} }}
| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | author-link = Norman Tindale | year = 1974 | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = Australian National University Press | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/mirning.htm | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 | ref = harv }}
| last = Williams | first = W. | year = 1886 | title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent | editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr | volume = Volume 1 | pages = 400–407 | publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne | chapter-url = https://archive.org/download/australianracei01currgoog/australianracei01currgoog.pdf | chapter-format = PDF | ref = harv }}
| last = Wright | first = Tony | newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald | url = http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/the-whale-song-man-the-oil-giant-and-the-great-australian-bight-20151015-gk9qwm.html | date = 15 October 2015 | ref = harv }}{{refend}}{{Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia}}{{Aboriginal South Australians}} 2 : Aboriginal peoples of South Australia|Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia |
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